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Urinary Flashcards

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1
Q

Mechanism of action of phenylpropanolamine

A

Alpha-1 agonist

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2
Q

Which nerve innervates the external urethral sphincter?

A

Pudendal

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3
Q

Which antibiotic concentrates in urine?

A

Penicillins (amoxicillin)

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4
Q

Which protein is most likely responsible for persistently high UPC?

A

Albumin

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5
Q

Treatment for calcium oxalate stones

A

Increase water intake
Alkalinize urine (potassium citrate)

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6
Q

Function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

Secretion of renin in response to decreased pressure in the afferent arteriole

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7
Q

When is fractional excretion of sodium increased (>1%)?

A

Tubular renal failure

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8
Q

When is fractional excretion of sodium decreased (<1%)

A

Prerenal azotemia (dehydration, hypovolemia)

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9
Q

Which reaction does carbonic anhydrase catalyze

A

CO2 + H2O<-> H2CO3

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10
Q

What falsely increases urine protein dipstick results?

A

Alkaline urine

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11
Q

Antidote for ethylene glycol toxicity

A

4-MP (fomepizole)

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12
Q

Mechanism of action of PU/PD associated with pyometra

A

Decreased sensitivity of distal tubules/collecting duct to ADH caused by E. coli endotoxin

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13
Q

Canine renal threshold for glucose

A

180mg/dL

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14
Q

Feline renal threshold for glucose

A

280mg/dL

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15
Q

How is uroperitoneum diagnosed?

A

Abdominal creatinine >2:1 serum creatinine

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16
Q

Next step for a systemically ill dog with PU/PD and hyposthenuria

A

Urine culture (to evaluate for pyelonephritis)

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17
Q

How is calcitriol used for CKD?

A

Increases GI absorption of Ca and PO4 and suppresses PTH

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18
Q

Empiric antibiotic options for UTI (3)

A

Amoxicillin/ampicillin
Cefalexin
TMS

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19
Q

Mechanism of action of PU/PD with hypercalcemia

A

Impaired response to ADH
Impaired Na/Cl reabsorption

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20
Q

When should clopidogrel be initiated with proteinuria?

A

Concurrent hypoalbuminemia

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21
Q

Which nerve delivers sympathetic innervation to the bladder

A

Hypogastric

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22
Q

What is high SDMA representative of?

A

Decreased GFR

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23
Q

Female cat with a ureterolith, 2 small kidneys, bilateral pyelectasia, and dilation proximal to the stone. Cat has been treated with fluids. What is the best treatment option?

A

SUB placement

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24
Q

Which nerve is responsible for providing parasympathetic innervation to the bladder?

A

Pelvic

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25
UPCR cut off for proteinuria in dogs and cats
>0.5 dogs >0.4 cats
26
Part of nephron primarily affected by aminoglycoside toxicity?
Tubules
27
When does paradoxical aciduria occur?
Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis
28
Where does the majority of renal bicarbonate reabsorption occur?
Proximal tubule
29
Filtrate at the end of the ascending loop of Henle is ____ relative to plasma
Hypotonic
30
Where is the majority of magnesium reabsorbed in the kidney?
Ascending loop of Henle
30
Transporter required for renal glucose reabsorption
SGLT (1/2)
31
How does an increase in glomerular capillary oncotic pressure affect GFR?
Decreases GFR
32
How is angiotensin II broken down
Via ACE2, aminopeptidases, chymase in the vasculature and kidneys
33
Which renal function marker is disproportionately elevated in lily toxicity?
Creatinine
34
Treatment of canine struvite stones
Treat UTI Dissolution diet
35
What contributes to prevention of protein filtration by the glomeruli
Size Negative charge
36
How does ANP affect GFR?
Increases (afferent vasodilation, efferent vasoconstriction)
37
How does angiotensin II affect GFR?
Constricts efferent arteriole to increase GFR
38
Function of principal cells in the collecting duct
Site of action of aldosterone; function to reabsorb Na/H2O and secrete K+
39
Stimuli for renin release (3)
Decreased afferent arteriole blood pressure Decreased distal renal tubular Na/Cl/tubular flow Sympathetic stimulation
40
Cause of PU/PD with CKD (2)
Solute/osmotic diuresis in remaining nephrons
41
Basenji with glucosuria and normoglycemia
Fanconi syndrome
42
Pathogenesis of urate uroliths in Dalmatians
Mutation in uric acid transporter (SLC2A9) leading to hyperuricosuria
43
Peritubular capillaries which surround the loop of Henle
Vasa recta
44
Where is the macula densa located and what does it detect?
Distal tubule, filtrate Na/Cl concentrations
45
How does sympathetic stimulation affect GFR?
Decreases (constriction of both afferent and efferent)
46
What % of K+ is normally reabsorbed by the kidney?
88%
47
Maximal amount of substance that can be reabsorbed from filtrate
Transport maximum
48
Site of majority of Na+ reabsorption
Proximal tubule (65%)
49
Where does majority of phosphate reabsorption occur? Which hormone controls this?
Proximal tubule, controlled by PTH (via NaP-2a/2c and PiT-2)
50
By what route (paracellular or transcellular) does calcium reabsorption occur in the proximal tubule?
Paracellular
51
Which part of the loop of Henle is permeable to water?
Descending
52
Site of action of loop diuretics
Na/2Cl/K cotransporter in ascending loop of Henle
53
Site of action of thiazide diuretics
Na/Cl cotransporter in early distal tubule
54
Function of intercalated cells in the distal tubules
Absorb K+/secrete H+
55
Site of action of spironolactone
Principal cells (aldosterone receptors)
56
Which protein mediates transcellular Ca2+ reabsorption, and which hormone controls it
TRPV5, controlled by PTH
57
The collecting duct is (impermeable/permeable) to urea
Highly permeable
58
How does increased arterial pressure affect tubular reabsorption?
Decreases it (pressure natriuresis/diuresis)
59
How does constriction of efferent arterioles by angiotensin II affect filtration fraction?
Increases it
60
Mechanism for generation of urine concentrating gradient
Countercurrent multiplier (generated by loop of Henle)
61
How is HCO3 reabsorbed in the kidney?
Combines with H+ to form H2CO3 which dissociates into CO2 and H2O
62
Two major urinary buffer systems
Phosphate Ammonia
63
How are drugs secreted into the renal tubule?
Via OCTs and OATs
64
Which nerve conveys sensory signals regarding bladder stretch
Pelvic
65
What type of cholinergic receptor is present on the detrusor muscle?
M3
66
Which species has a low renal threshold for bilirubin
Dogs
67
Types of pigmenturia
Hemoglobinuria Myogoblinuria
68
Mechanism of action of prazosin
Alpha-1 antagonist
69
Mechanism of action of tamsulosin
Alpha-1A inhibitor
70
Mechanism of action of bethanechol
Muscarinic agonist
71
What % of body weight is comprised of water in adults?
60%
72
What % of total body water is intracellular?
2/3
73
What % of total body water is extracellular?
1/3
74
What % of extracellular water is comprised of intravascular water?
1/4 (5% of total body weight)
75
Type of stones formed with ethylene glycol toxicity
Calcium oxalate monohydrate
76
Most common infectious agents associated with pyelonephritis (4)
Proteus Staph Enterococcus E coli
77
Elevation in which electrolyte is commonly seen with AKI but not in CKD
K+
78
Stage the following dog based on IRIS CKD guidelines: Creatinine 3.0mg/dL SDMA 45ug/dL UPCR <0.2 BP 150mmHg
IRIS stage 3, non-proteinuric, prehypertensive
79
Stage the following cat based on IRIS CKD guidelines: Creatinine 2.0mg/dL SDMA 20ug/dL UPCR 0.5 BP 170mmHg
IRIS stage 2, proteinuric, hypertensive
80
Mechanisms of nausea associated with CKD
Triggering CRTZ by uremic toxins Hypergastrinemia/ gastric hyperacidity
81
Manifestation of severe hypokalemia in cats with CKD
Cervical ventroflexion, plantigrade stance
82
Consequence of administration of erythrocyte-stimulating agents
Development of anti-EPO antibodies
83
Types of immune-complex glomerulonephritis (3)
Membranoproliferative Membranous Mesangioproliferative
84
Stain used to identify amyloid deposition
Congo red
85
Dog and cat breed with tendency to deposit amyloid in the renal medulla
Shar Pei Abyssinian
86
Treatment for amyloidosis
Colchicine +/- DMSO
87
Nephrotic syndrome
Hypoalbuminemia Proteinuria Hypercholesterolemia Edema
88
Major sequelae associated with PLN
Thromboembolic disease
89
Antiproteinuric drugs (2)
ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor blockers
90
Type of urolith tiopronin is used for
Cystine
91
Treatment of USMI in female dogs
Phenylpropanolamine +/- estrogen therapy
92
Most common type of ectopic ureter in dogs
Intramural
93
Diagnosis of ectopic ureters (2)
CT excretory urography Cystoscopy
94
Treatment of intramural ectopic ureter
Transurethral cystoscopic laser ablation
95
Treatment of functional outflow obstruction
Prazosin or tamsulosin +/- skeletal muscle relaxant
96
Most common cause of UTI in dogs
E coli (45-55% of all positive cultures) & other Gram negative
97
Common sites that harbour bacterial reservoirs with relapsing UTI (4)
Kidneys Prostate Uroliths Vagina
98
Liquid biopsy used to detect urothelial and prostatic carcinoma in dogs
BRAF V595E
99
Formula for calculation of serum osmolality
[Na]*2 + [Glucose]/18 + [BUN]/2.8

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