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Flashcards in obesity Deck (25)
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1
Q

define obesity

A

abnormal or excessive fat accumulation sufficient to adversely affect health and reduce life expectancy

2
Q

what is a measure of obesity?

A

BMI

3
Q

how do you measure BMI?

A

weight (kg)/square of height in metres

4
Q

why is waist circumference used as an indicator of obesity?

A

helps distinguish muscular people

5
Q

when was the sugar tax introduced and why?

A
  • Evidence suggests that sugar-sweetened beverages is an important contributor to the development of obesity in some individuals
  • Hence the sugar tax which started in April 2018
6
Q

what are the 2 bands of the sugar tax?

A

o Drinks with >5g of sugar per 100ml

o Drinks with >8g per 100ml.

7
Q

what medications can contribute to weight gain?

A

Mood Stabilizers, Diabetes Medicines, Corticosteroids, Beta Blocker, Allergy Relievers, Drugs That Prevent Seizures and Migraines

8
Q

how does insulin make you gain weight?

A
  • Insulin inhibits breakdown and release from the fat cells
  • Decreases the rate of lipolysis in adipose tissue (lowers plasma fatty acid level)
  • Stimulates fatty acid and triacylglycerol synthesis in tissues
  • Increases uptake of triglycerides from the blood into adipose tissue
  • Decreases the rate of fatty acid oxidation in muscle and liver
  • Lipohypertrophy: Enlargement of fat cells local to where the insulin is injected
9
Q

what is syndromic monogenic obesity characterised by?

A

mental retardation, dysmorphic features and organ specific abnormalities in addition to obesity

10
Q

why is the primary cilium important?

A

has a key role in the differentiation of adipocytes

11
Q

what are the genetics of non-syndromic monogenic obesity?

A

currently 12 genes have been identified to date that have roles in energy maintenance as part of the leptin-melanocortin pathway

12
Q

if you are apple shape how much visceral fat do you have? what is your risk of health problems?

A

More visceral fat

o Higher risk of weight-related health problem

13
Q

if you are pear shaped then how much visceral fat do you have? what is your risk of health problems?

A

less

less risk of weight-related health problems

14
Q

what is obesity a major risk factor for?

A
  • cardiovascular diseases
  • pulmonary diseases (such as sleep apnoea)
  • metabolic diseases (diabetes & dyslipidaemia)
  • osteoarticular diseases
  • for several of the commonest forms of cancer
  • for serious psychiatric illness
15
Q

what are medical complications of obesity?

A
  • Pulmonary disease – obstructive sleep apnea, abnormal function
  • Stroke, Cataracts, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
  • Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease – steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis
  • Gall bladder disease, Osteoarthritis, Gout, Phlebitis, Cancer, Severe pancreatitis
16
Q

what are key features of obesity in T2D?

A
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Altered adipokine levels (high level of leptin)
  • Breakdown of fat metabolism (accumulation of lipids in the tissue)
  • Breakdown of the regulation of glucose metabolism
17
Q

what is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?

A

build up of fat in the liver

18
Q

who usually develops NAFLS?

A
  • Usually seen in people who are overweight or obese.
  • Also associates with high cholesterol / high BP / T2D.
  • Estimated to affect up to 5% of the UK population
19
Q

what is the best treatment for obesity?

A

prevention through educate and to develop a non-obesogenic environment

20
Q

what drug treatments are there for obesity and how do they work?

A

Lipase inhibitor - Reduces the amount of fat absorbed from food eaten. Main prescribed treatment.

21
Q

what must happen before you have surgery for weight loss?

A

• no one gets surgery without undertaking a weight management course where they’re taught about nutrition, fitness and exercise

22
Q

how is weight loss surgery performed?

A

laparoscopically

23
Q

who gets weight loss surgery?

A

o Morbid obesity (BMI >40 kg/m2)
o BMI >35 kg/m2 AND obesity-related complications
o (after conventional medical treatments have failed)

24
Q

what types of surgeries can you get for weight loss?

A

restrictive procedures
malabsorptive procedures
restrictive + malabsorptive procedures

25
Q

what can malabsorptive procedures cause?

A

Causes nutrient deficiencies, malnutrition and, in some cases, anastomotic leaks and the dumping syndrome – (rapid gastric emptying)