Oceans - Arctic CS

Question 1

What is artic amplification?

Answer 1

Increased solar heating as dark water replaces sea ice

Question 2

How much has the sea ice reduced by?

Answer 2

12.6% loss per decade reduction

Question 3

What has it meant due to little old ice left?

Answer 3

Rate of thickness decrease has slowed

Question 4

How much of the sea ice is seasonal?

Answer 4

> 70%

Question 5

What is sea ice role in the summer?

Answer 5

• Cooling effect -> prevents ocean from absorbing as much heat from solar radiation

Question 6

When does brine drain out of the ice?

Answer 6

When ice grows increasing salinity

Question 7

When does salinity decrease?

Answer 7

Fresh water due to sea ice melt

Question 8

What is the ice albedo feedback?

Answer 8

It is a mechanism that can enhance the decline in sea ice in a warming climate

Question 9

When is the ice albedo feedback strongest?

Answer 9

During summer when solar radiation is at its peak

Question 10

Where is Europes largest rare earth mineral deposits found?

Answer 10

Sweden

Question 11

Why are REM valuable?

Answer 11

Useful for tech and renewable energy

Question 12

How much are Arctic Russian resources worth?

Answer 12

$1.5 -2 trillion

Question 13

How many barrels of oil in the Arctic?

Answer 13

90 bn barrels

Question 14

How many feet of natural gas?

Answer 14

1670 trillion ft^3

Question 15

How many barrels of liquid natural gas in the Arctic?

Answer 15

44 bn barrels

Question 16

What are Norways plans in 2023?

Answer 16

Exploit areas on the extended shelf

Question 17

How has reduction in sea ice impacted exploitation of natural resources?

Answer 17

Made it easier

Question 18

Which three countries claim the Lomonosov ridge?

Answer 18

Greenland, Russia, Canada

Question 19

What have the UN not conclude?

Answer 19

On any claim of sovereignty over the Arctic sea bed

Question 20

When did Russia plant the flag past their EEZ?

Answer 20

2007

Question 21

Why is Russia the superpower in the region?

Answer 21

• Huge resource extraction industry
• High military presence

Question 22

What is the estimated value of mineral resources in Russias North?

Answer 22

> $22.4 trillion

Question 23

What is the 2035 Arctic Strategy?

Answer 23

Strategy for Developing the Russian Arctic Zone and ensuring national security

Question 24

Who are NATO’s competitors?

Answer 24

The Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China

Question 25

What military presence does Russia have?

Answer 25

Northern Military Fleet Installations

Question 26

Where is there increased navigability of the Arctic Ocean?

Answer 26

• Northern Sea Route
• The Northwest Passage

Question 27

Who is more interested in the region due to trade routes?

Answer 27

China

Question 28

How much would the journey change if the Europe - Asia trip was take through the Northen Sea Route?

Answer 28

• Reduced to 18 days
• Distance halved

Question 29

What does thawing ice mean for shipping?

Answer 29

• Reduced time
• Reduced costs
• Longer periods of international trade in the Arctic

Question 30

What % of people in the Arctic are indigenous people?

Answer 30

10%

Question 31

Why do indigenous have a specific connection to the land?

Answer 31

• Distinct language
• Culture
• Traditional livelihoods -> fishing & hunting

Question 32

What impact does the changing Arctic have on indigenous people?

Answer 32

• Impacts traditional harvesting activities -> thin ice - dangerous hunting
• Relocation due to melting permafrost- housing + infrastructure
• Negative health impacts - consuming organic pollutants ingesting seal & whale