OCT 26 Flashcards
(32 cards)
Gender Issues-Benchmarks
•Gender is a vantage point of c\_\_\_\_\_\_\_e •Gender is a social construction •Gender structures society and societal institutions •Gender is a relation of power and inequality
Gender Issues-Benchmarks
•Gender is a vantage point of critique •Gender is a social construction •Gender structures society and societal institutions •Gender is a relation of power and inequality
Gender as a Vantage- point
Sociology was criticized for being a male-centred
discipline in the past
Women were missing from the content of sociology
and from the profession of sociology
gender is now a central concept within the
discipline
Gender as a Vantage- point
Sociology was criticized for being a male-centred
discipline in the past
Women were missing from the content of sociology
and from the profession of sociology
gender is now a central concept within the
discipline
Vantage Point & Intersectionality
D________y Smith 1987
Encouraged women to critique sociological studies based on their 'standpoint' Prompted growing study of intersectionalities
Vantage Point & Intersectionality
Dorothy Smith 1987
Encouraged women to critique sociological studies based on their 'standpoint' Prompted growing study of intersectionalities
Gender as a Social construction
In the 1980s, the notion that gender identity mapped easily onto b__________l identities was being challenged
Sex: male and female; biologically based
differences between men and women (e.g.,
reproductive and chromosomal functions)
Gender as a Social construction
In the 1980s, the notion that gender identity mapped easily onto biological identities was being challenged
Sex: male and female; biologically based
differences between men and women (e.g.,
reproductive and chromosomal functions)
Gender as a Social construction
In the 1980s, the notion that gender identity mapped easily onto biological identities was being challenged
Gender: masculinity and femininity; socially
produced differences concerning character,
ambition and achievement
Gender as a Social construction
In the 1980s, the notion that gender identity mapped easily onto biological identities was being challenged
Gender: masculinity and femininity; socially
produced differences concerning character,
ambition and achievement
Gender as a Social construction
AS NATURE MADE HIM
THE WHO WAS RAISED AS A GIRL
Gender as a Social construction
AS NATURE MADE HIM
THE WHO WAS RAISED AS A GIRL
GenderRole Socialization
Gender role socialization is a major force in
understanding how gender relations work
Society provides different gender roles or s_____s, and boys and girls are socialized into these roles through a process of subtle or explicit sanctions or rewards
Sociologists regard gender and sex as social constructions and sexual identity as fluid and diverse
GenderRole Socialization
Gender role socialization is a major force in
understanding how gender relations work
Society provides different gender roles or scripts, and boys and girls are socialized into these roles through a process of subtle or explicit sanctions or rewards
Sociologists regard gender and sex as social constructions and sexual identity as fluid and diverse
Gender Realized-in-Social-Roles
and Institutions
Social institutions are sites of production and
reproduction of gender r_________s
Social institutions, the family, schools, and the media act as agents of socialization
Social institutions are also more complex sites of
negotiation, contestation, resistance and change
Gender Realized-in-Social-Roles
and Institutions
Social institutions are sites of production and
reproduction of gender relations
Social institutions, the family, schools, and the media act as agents of socialization
Social institutions are also more complex sites of
negotiation, contestation, resistance and change
Gender Relations-as-Relations
of Power and Inequality
Dominant theoretical approaches such as functionalism were challenged in the 1970-80s
Functionalists argued that males possess i\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_l character traits (rationality and goal attainment) while females display e\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_e character traits (emotional communication and interaction with others)
Gender Relations-as-Relat-ions
of Power and Inequality
Dominant theoretical approaches such as functionalism were challenged in the 1970-80s
Functionalists argued that males possess instrumental character traits (rationality and goal attainment) while females display expressive character traits (emotional communication and interaction with others)
Gender Relations-as-Relat-ions
of Power and Inequality
Dominant theoretical approaches such as functionalism were challenged in the 1970-80s
The overstatement of sex difference has become a form of discrimination and o_________n which largely worked to the advantage of men
Gender Relations-as-Relat-ions
of Power and Inequality
Dominant theoretical approaches such as functionalism were challenged in the 1970-80s
The overstatement of sex difference has become a form of discrimination and oppression which largely worked to the advantage of men
Gender Inequality
Inequality is a consequence of how society is organized and the creation/sustaining of gender differences
P________h : a society or family system where men have more authority than women
G______r Hegemony: ideological domination by males over others (to point where an alternative cannot be imagined)
Gender Inequality
Inequality is a consequence of how society is organized and the creation/sustaining of gender differences
Patriarch : a society or family system where men have more authority than women
Gender Hegemony: ideological domination by males over others (to point where an alternative cannot be imagined)
Gender Inequality
Inequality is a consequence of how society is organized and the creation/sustaining of gender differences
H_________ masculinity: dominant form of masculinity in society that espouses men should be strong, assertive, aggressive, self-reliant, heterosexual and dominate both women and subordinate men
Emphasized f________y : the form of femininity matched to and defined by hegemonic masculinity
Gender Inequality
Inequality is a consequence of how society is organized and the creation/sustaining of gender differences
Hegemonic masculinity: dominant form of masculinity in society that espouses men should be strong, assertive, aggressive, self-reliant, heterosexual and dominate both women and subordinate men
Emphasized femininity : the form of femininity matched to and defined by hegemonic masculinity
Gender & Education
•Up until the 1980s, significantly more men than women held university degrees; Since the 1980s, the number of women exceeds the number of men in university enrolment
- Females make up over 60% of undergraduate and MA enrolment
- Females make up —44% of enrolment in doctoral programs
Gender & Education
•Up until the 1980s, significantly more men than women held university degrees; Since the 1980s, the number of women exceeds the number of men in university enrolment
- Females make up over 60% of undergraduate and MA enrolment
- Females make up —44% of enrolment in doctoral programs
Gender & Education
•Nursing, social work, education remain female-dominant
•Architecture, engineering, math, computer and information
technology remain male-dominated
Gender & Education
•Nursing, social work, education remain female-dominant
•Architecture, engineering, math, computer and information
technology remain male-dominated
Gender in the—WorkpLace
O_____________l Segregation:
gender —segregated jobs with less prestige and financial reward
for women
C__________n discrepancy:
same job, women paid less
Gender in the—WorkpLace
Occupational Segregation:
gender —segregated jobs with less prestige and financial reward
for women
Compensation discrepancy:
same job, women paid less
Gender in the—WorkpLace
Second shift/Double burden:
women do more housework, childcare and eldercare
Gender in the—WorkpLace
Second shift/Double burden:
women do more housework, childcare and eldercare
Gender in the—WorkpLace
Glass c______g effect:
women’s limited potential to move up
Glass escalator effect:
e.g. male nurse quickly moves into administrative role
Gender in the—WorkpLace
Glass ceiling effect:
women’s limited potential to move up
Glass escalator effect:
e.g. male nurse quickly moves into administrative role
Gender in the Workplace cont’d
Sexual Harassment
63% of women compared to 21% of men report being sexually harassed or receiving unwanted sexual contact in the workplace (Angus Reid, 2014 online survey)
-Canadian Military; RCMP
Gender in the Workplace cont’d
Sexual Harassment
63% of women compared to 21% of men report being sexually harassed or receiving unwanted sexual contact in the workplace (Angus Reid, 2014 online survey)
-Canadian Military; RCMP
Gender in the Workplace cont’d 3
There is an overall increase in non-standard or precarious employment in Canada; young w_____n are more likely than young men to remain in precarious employment
The Corporate Closet
-gay men and lesbian women report hiding their sexual identity at work and work hard to pass as heterosexual
Gender in the Workplace cont’d 3
There is an overall increase in non-standard or precarious employment in Canada; young women are more likely than young men to remain in precarious employment
The Corporate Closet
-gay men and lesbian women report hiding their sexual identity at work and work hard to pass as heterosexual
Gender in the-Famil
Canadian families & gender related trends:
•More men are doing more housework than they did in previous generations
•much of this pertains to child care-related activities
•majority of this work continues to be done by women
•Significantly more men are stay-at-home-dads than in
previous generations
-many more fathers taking parental leave
-in 13% of single-earner families in 2007, the father was the stay-at- home parent
•More dual-income households
•significant increase in # of women as primary breadwinners since
2008
Gender in the-Famil
Canadian families & gender related trends:
•More men are doing more housework than they did in previous generations
•much of this pertains to child care-related activities
•majority of this work continues to be done by women
•Significantly more men are stay-at-home-dads than in
previous generations
-many more fathers taking parental leave
-in 13% of single-earner families in 2007, the father was the stay-at- home parent
•More dual-income households
•significant increase in # of women as primary breadwinners since
2008
Gender &SpousaI-Viol- ce
Canadian Urban V_________n Study (1995) found
that women were much more likely to be victimized and
were most vulnerable where:
•They viewed their partner as the household head
•They were financially dependent upon him
•They lived in a housing development with other single
mothers
•They were separated
Gender &SpousaI-Viol- ce
Canadian Urban Victimization Study (1995) found
that women were much more likely to be victimized and
were most vulnerable where:
•They viewed their partner as the household head
•They were financially dependent upon him
•They lived in a housing development with other single
mothers
•They were separated
—Spousal Violence-Theories
Intergenerational Theory
solving problems through violence is l_______d by
children witnessing parents behaviour and/or
being victimized as a child
—Spousal Violence-Theories
Intergenerational Theory
solving problems through violence is learned by
children witnessing parents behaviour and/or
being victimized as a child
—Spousal Violence-Theories
Systems Theory
marital violence is result of poor conflict- r________n
skills by husband who feels his authority is being
threatened
—Spousal Violence-Theories
Systems Theory
marital violence is result of poor conflict- resolution
skills by husband who feels his authority is being
threatened
—Spousal Violence-Theories
Feminist Theory
marital violence reflects women’s lack of
interpersonal power, the patriarchal organization of families and the normalization of violence
—Spousal Violence-Theories
Feminist Theory
marital violence reflects women’s lack of
interpersonal power, the patriarchal organization of families and the normalization of violence
