OCT 5 Flashcards
(23 cards)
Sets of People
1 C________s
2 N______s
3 C__________s
Sets of People
1 Categories
2 Networks
3 Communities
Sets of People
4 _____s
5 O_________s
-bureaucracies
Sets of People
4 Groups
5 Organizations
-bureaucracies
Categories
-collection of people u______________d with one
another
-e.g., youth, women, students, swimmers
-sociologically relevant where differences
between categories are given social
meaning
-e.g., Baby-Boomers versus Millennials or generational __________
Categories
-collection of people unconnected with one
another
-e.g., youth, women, students, swimmers
-sociologically relevant where differences
between categories are given social
meaning
-e.g., Baby-Boomers versus Millennials
Networks
Direct or Indirect N________s
D_______: kinship, friendship, acquaintance
I_______t: (based on indirect l____s) Facebook
Networks
Direct or Indirect Networks
Direct: kinship, friendship, acquaintance
Indirect: (based on indirect links) Facebook
Networks
Networks
Characteristics:
1 Lack c_________e identity (e.g., community)
2 Lack a_________s of membership, networks
characteristics (e.g., group)
3 Lack a collective g___l (e.g., organization)
Networks
Networks
Characteristics:
1 Lack collective identity (e.g., community)
2 Lack awareness of membership, networks
characteristics (e.g., group)
3 Lack a collective goal (e.g., organization)
Communities
-sets of people with common i________y
-people drawn together by common
s________s
-members are _______e of their membership
-common g____s (e.g., survival of community)
Communities
-sets of people with common identity
-people drawn together by common
sentiments
-members are aware of their membership
-common goals (e.g., survival of community)
Groups
- awareness of membership
- often lack a collective i______y
- often lack a collective g__l
-Primary versus Secondary Primary: small, r\_\_\_\_\_\_r face-to-face interaction Secondary : larger, many members may not interact with others on regular basis
Groups
- awareness of membership
- often lack a collective identity
- often lack a collective goal
-Primary versus Secondary Primary: small, regular face-to-face interaction Secondary : larger, many members may not interact with others on regular basis
`Organizations
-secondary group with collective goal or purpose
Informal Organization: no stated g____ or clear
division o l_____r
e.g., a clique
`Organizations
-secondary group with collective goal or purpose
Informal Organization: no stated goals or clear
division o labour
e.g., a clique
`Organizations
-secondary group with collective goal or purpose
Spontaneous Organization
e.g., search parties
Formal Organization: deliberately planned and
formally coordinated social group organized to
achieve certain goals
e.g., a b_________y
`Organizations
-secondary group with collective goal or purpose
Spontaneous Organization
e.g., search parties
Formal Organization: deliberately planned and
formally coordinated social group organized to
achieve certain goals
e.g., a bureaucracy
Bureaucracies
•Bureaucracies are f_____l organizations:
‘-deliberately p_______d social group
‘-c________s people, capital and tools
‘-coordination is done through formalized r____s,
statuses and relationships
Bureaucracies
•Bureaucracies are formal organizations:
‘-deliberately planned social group
‘-coordinates people, capital and tools
‘-coordination is done through formalized roles,
statuses and relationships
Bureaucracies
‘-aims to achieve a specific set of g____s
•The most successful form of organization over the last
century: relatively efficient and effective
•Developed in response to E_______n nation-building,
c______ism, and i_________lism
Bureaucracies
‘-aims to achieve a specific set of goals
•The most successful form of organization over the last
century: relatively efficient and effective
•Developed in response to European nation-building,
capitalism, and industrialism
Bureaucracies
Weber’s seven (7) essential features of bureaucracies:
1 Division of l____r
2 H_______y of positions
3 Formal system of r_____s
4 Reliance upon written d___________n
Bureaucracies
Weber’s seven (7) essential features of bureaucracies:
1 Division of labour
2 Hierarchy of positions
3 Formal system of rules
4 Reliance upon written documentation
Bureaucracies
Weber’s seven (7) essential features of bureaucracies:
5 Separation of the p______n from the office
6 Hiring and promotion based upon
t__________l merit
7 Protection of c______s
Bureaucracies
Weber’s seven (7) essential features of bureaucracies:
5 Separation of the person from the office
6 Hiring and promotion based upon
technical merit
7 Protection of careers
Division of Labour
Before industrialism and capitalism, craftsmen
would produce goods from start to finish
The production process gave way to a more s__________d and detailed division of labour.
The bureaucracy provides the f_________s and r________s
for carrying out specific duties
A___m S____h noted the importance of specialization
as long ago as 1776
Division of Labour
Before industrialism and capitalism, craftsmen
would produce goods from start to finish
The production process gave way to a more specialized and detailed division of labour.
The bureaucracy provides the facilities and resources
for carrying out specific duties
Adam Smith noted the importance of specialization
as long ago as 1776
Hierarchy of-Positions
Bureaucracies are structured like a p________d with
authority centralized at the top
There often exists a well-defined h_______y of command
Each person is responsible to a specific person one level up the pyramid and for a specific group of people one level down
Hierarchy of-Positions
Bureaucracies are structured like a pyramid with
authority centralized at the top
There often exists a well-defined hierarchy of command
Each person is responsible to a specific person one level up the pyramid and for a specific group of people one level down
Rules
Bureaucracies work according to w______n rules
For each situation, decision-makers can find or
develop a rule that provides for an objective and
i_________l response
Ideally, rules guarantee impersonal, p_________e
responses to specific situations
Rules
Bureaucracies work according to written rules
For each situation, decision-makers can find or
develop a rule that provides for an objective and
impersonal response
Ideally, rules guarantee impersonal, predictable
responses to specific situations
Separation of the Person
from the Office
In bureaucracies, relations are i_________l and are
based upon the r____s that people hold, not the
individuals themselves
People are treated as r________e functionaries
Separation of the Person
from the Office
In bureaucracies, relations are impersonal and are
based upon the roles that people hold, not the
individuals themselves
People are treated as replaceable functionaries
Hiring and Promotion Based on Technical Merit
Bureaucracies function well when they hire and
promote on the basis of technical c_________e
Ideally, individual characteristics such as gender,
race, or ethnicity are not supposed to factor into
hiring and promotion
Hiring and Promotion Based on Technical Merit
Bureaucracies function well when they hire and
promote on the basis of technical competence
Ideally, individual characteristics such as gender,
race, or ethnicity are not supposed to factor into
hiring and promotion
Merton’s Bureaucratic
Personality
At times, bureaucracies do not behave r_________y in terms
of their long-term interests and survival
Often people within them feel pressure to act in ways that w______n the organization (i.e., being forced to conform to rigid bureaucratic rules)
Robert Merton has argued that bureaucrats often develop a “trained i________y” for dealing with new situations
Merton’s Bureaucratic
Personality
At times, bureaucracies do not behave rationally in terms
of their long-term interests and survival
Often people within them feel pressure to act in ways that weaken the organization (i.e., being forced to conform to rigid bureaucratic rules)
Robert Merton has argued that bureaucrats often develop a “trained incapacity” for dealing with new situations
How Bureacracies
Actually Work
Weber’s ideas on bureaucracies were an i______zation—
bureaucracies actually work differently than he believed
Failure to report information up the hierarchy occurs all the time.
Workers everywhere make friends and acquaintances, and casually share _____ information.
How Bureacracies
Actually Work
Weber’s ideas on bureaucracies were an idealization—
bureaucracies actually work differently than he believed
Failure to report information up the hierarchy occurs all the time.
Workers everywhere make friends and acquaintances, and casually share work information.
How Bureacracies
Actually Work
______t in bureaucracies is built gradually, maintained continuously, and easily destroyed
Bureaucracies are affected by cultural d_________s, gender, informal organizations, trust, and technology
How Bureacracies
Actually Work
Trust in bureaucracies is built gradually, maintained continuously, and easily destroyed
Bureaucracies are affected by cultural differences, gender, informal organizations, trust, and technology
The Problem o Rationality
Bureaucracies are based upon the notion that roles are
i___________l
These boundaries may result in the institution losing touch with their c__________s
Rules by offices may also undermine personal
r________________y
The Problem o Rationality
Bureaucracies are based upon the notion that roles are
impersonal
These boundaries may result in the institution losing touch with their customers
Rules by offices may also undermine personal
responsibility
Total Institution Total Institutions (Goffman)
Psychiatric facilities, convents, prisons, and military
installations have a lot in common as o__________n
Residents are ____ off from wider society and their lives
are formally administered
Residents are w_______d unknowingly/ unwillingly
Total Institution Total Institutions (Goffman)
Psychiatric facilities, convents, prisons, and military
installations have a lot in common as organization
Residents are cut off from wider society and their lives
are formally administered
Residents are watched unknowingly/ unwillingly
