Offender Profiling: Bottom-Up Approach

Question 1

What is the British bottom up approach?

Answer 1

Data-driven

Question 2

What does it involve?

Answer 2

A more rigorous approach looking at the details of the crime including their likely characteristics, routine behaviour and social background

Question 3

What are the two types of bottom up approach?

Answer 3

1. Investigative psychology
2. Geographical profiling

Question 4

What did David Canter suggest about investigate psychology?

Answer 4

That profiling could be developed according to psychological theory and research

Question 5

What are the three main features of the investigative psychology approach?

Answer 5

1. Interpersonal coherence
2. Forensic awareness
3. Smallest space analysis

Question 6

What is interpersonal coherence?

Answer 6

People tend to be consistent in their behaviours and will likely find similarities between how people behave with the crime and everyday life

Question 7

What is forensic awareness?

Answer 7

Criminal behaviours may reveal an awareness of police procedure and techniques

Question 8

What is smallest space analysis?

Answer 8

A statistic technique developed by Canter, this showed that data could be used to identify the probable location of offenders

Question 9

What are the 3 underlying fees of smallest space analysis?

Answer 9

• Instrumental opportunistic
• Instrumental cognitive
• Expressive impulsive

Question 10

What is instrumental opportunistic?

Answer 10

Where the murder is used to accomplish a goal but the offender took the easiest opportunity to commit the crime

Question 11

What is instrumental cognitive?

Answer 11

A particular concern about being detected and therefore the crime was planned

Question 12

What is expressive impulsive?

Answer 12

Uncontrolled and in the head of the moment, criminal may claim to have had feelings of being provoked

Question 13

What is geographical profiling?

Answer 13

People do not reveal by the type of crime they commit but by the locations they choose

Question 14

What is statistically more likely?

Answer 14

Offenders will commit crimes near where they live or where they travel in their daily routine

Question 15

What does geographical profiling do?

Answer 15

Analyses the locations. to a connected series of crimes and considers where the crimes were committed, the spatial relationships between crime scenes and how these may rewlhe to the offenders place of residence

Question 16

What is the circle theory?

Answer 16

Canter and Larkin proposed that most offenders have a spatial mind set, committing crimes within an imagined circle

Question 17

What are marauders?

Answer 17

The offenders home is within geographical area where the crimes are committed

Question 18

What are commuters?

Answer 18

The offenders travel to another area around which a circle can be drawn

Question 19

What is criminal geographic targeting (CGT)?

Answer 19

An algorithm to find common pints which can lead to the likely locator of the criminal

Question 20

What is an example of bottom up approach?

Answer 20

John Duffy, he carried out 24 sexual attacks and 4 murders in women

Question 21

What did David Canter do?

Answer 21

Analysed geographical details about the attacks with details of similar attacks in the past, he drew up a profile which led to Duffy’s arrest and conviction

Question 22

What are 3 evaluation points?

Answer 22

• Works for different crimes: widely applied
• Evidence based: more scientific, more reliable
• Concentrates on location: miss important information