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A Level Biology > [OLD] Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates > Flashcards

[OLD] Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

single sugars

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2
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

2 sugars bound to each other

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3
Q

Are monosaccharides or disaccharides soluble and sweet tasting

A

Both

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4
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Many monosaccharides bound to each other?

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5
Q

Are polysaccharides soluble or insoluble?

A

Insoluble

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6
Q

Are polysaccharides sweet tasting?

A

No

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7
Q

2 examples of polysaccharides

A

starch and cellulose

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8
Q

2 examples of monosaccharides or disaccharides

A

glucose and maltose

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9
Q

how many carbons does glucose contain in its structure?

A

6

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10
Q

is glucose a monosaccharide of a disaccharide?

A

Monosaccharide

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11
Q

How are the carbons in glucose arranged?

A

Into a ring

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12
Q

What are isomers?

A

the same molecules but with their atoms arranged in a different structure

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13
Q

How many isomers can glucose exist as?

A

2

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14
Q

Describe the alpha glucose isomer

A

carbon number 1 in the ring has an H group above the ring and an OH group below the ring

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15
Q

Describe the beta glucose isomer

A

carbon number 1 in the ring has an OH group above the ring and an H group below the ring

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16
Q

which carbons do bonds form between when glucose molecules bind to each other to form a polysaccharide?

A

1 and 4

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17
Q

Why does a chain of beta glucoses have every other molecule rotated ‘upside down’?

A

because the OH groups are on opposite sides of the ring between a carbon 4 and carbon 1, then second molecule must turn upside down in order to line up the 2 OH groups

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18
Q

What is maltose?

A

a disaccharide formed by 2 alpha glucose molecules binding to each other

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19
Q

What is the bond in maltose?

A

an alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bond

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20
Q

What reaction makes the bond in maltose?

A

A condensation reaction

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21
Q

How is the bond formed in maltose?

A

Between two OH groups. H2O is lost and the 2 glucoses join through the remaining O

22
Q

Which 2 molecules does starch consist of?

A

amylose and amylopectin

23
Q

describe amylose

A

a straight chain of alpha glucose joined by alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bonds coiled into a spiral

24
Q

describe amylopectin

A

branched chains of alpha glucose joined by alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bonds but with 1, 6 glycosidic bonds wherever there is a side chain formed

25
Q

What is starch the energy reserve in?

A

plants

26
Q

why cannot glucose be stored in plants?

A

it is soluble and would affect osmotic balance of cells

27
Q

What is glycogen the energy reserve in?

A

animals

28
Q

Describe the structural shape of glycogen

A

Highly branched

29
Q

Why does glycogen have a lot of branches?

A

so there are lots of terminal glucose molecules that can be removed by enzymes at the same time i.e rapid release of glucose possible

30
Q

where is glycogen stored and what for?

A

in the muscles or liver for sudden movement or maintain blood sugar levels through actions of glucagon and insulin.

31
Q

What is the structural shape of cellulose?

A

Linear, unbranched, long, straight chains (where every other monomer is inverted)

32
Q

what is cellulose used for?

A

as a structural polysaccharide used in plant cell walls

33
Q

Why can’t we digest cellulose?

A

We do not have enzymes with an active site complementary to the shape of a beta glucose molecule

34
Q

How does cellulose go through our digestive tracts?

A

as fibre

35
Q

3 ways in which starch molecules may be different from each other

A

Different numbers of glucose
Different proportions of amylose/amylopectin
Different number of branches / branches in different places

36
Q

How is the structure of cellulose linked to its function?

A

Hydrogen bonds for strength and rigidity in plant cells

37
Q

Monomer used in starch

A

Alpha glucose

38
Q

Is starch found in plants or animals?

A

Plants

39
Q

What are the types of bonds found in starch?

A

Amylose - alpha 1, 4 glycosidic

Amylopectin - alpha 1, 4 glycosidic and 1, 6 branches

40
Q

What is the structural shape of starch?

A

Amylose - long unbranched chain coiled into a spiral by hydrogen bonds
Amylopectin - branched chain

41
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

Storage of energy

42
Q

How does the structure of starch and glycogen relate to their function?

A

Insoluble so osmotically inactive
Folded to make a compact shape
Large molecule too big to cross membranes
Easily hydrolysed to release glucose

43
Q

Monomer used in glycogen

A

Alpha glucose

44
Q

Is glycogen found in plants or animals?

A

Animals

45
Q

What is the type of bond found in glycogen?

A

Alpha 1, 4 glycosidic bonds with 1, 6 glycosidic bonds

46
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

Storage of energy

47
Q

Monomer used in cellulose

A

Beta glucose

48
Q

Is cellulose found in animals or plants?

A

Plants

49
Q

What type of bond is found in cellulose?

A

Beta 1, 4 glycosidic

50
Q

How does the structure of cellulose relate to its function?

A

Insoluble
Fully permeable to dissolved substances
Hydrogen bonds between cellulose strands gives strength
Alternate bonding makes cellulose molecules very straight
Fibres are criss-crossed in cell walls making them resistant to stretching in any direction

A Level Biology (75 decks)

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