[OLD] Cells - Cell structure: Organelles

Question 1

What is the nucleolus?

Answer 1

Dark staining region of nucleus

Question 2

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 2

Double membrane around the nucleus.

Question 3

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Answer 3

Modifies proteins received from rER (e.g by adding carbohydrates to them to make glycoproteins) and packages them into vesicles for secretion.

Question 4

What do lysosomes contain?

Answer 4

Digestive enzymes such as lysozymes to break down pathogens and old cells and organelles

Question 5

What does the plasma membrane do?

Answer 5

Separates cell’s contents from outside environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Question 6

What are chloroplasts?

Answer 6

They contain chlorophyll, where photosynthesis takes place. They are in plant cells only.

Question 7

What are centrioles?

Answer 7

Pairs of organelles that form spindle fibres to move chromosomes during nuclear division. In animal cells only.

Question 8

What are cilia?

Answer 8

Hair-like projections used to move mucus and substances over cell surface.

Question 9

What is the flagella used for?

Answer 9

Locomotion

Question 10

What are flagella called in eukaryotes?

Answer 10

Unduilpodia

Question 11

What are plasmodesmata?

Answer 11

Strands of cytoplasm that connect adjacent plant cells.

Question 12

What does the cytoskeleton consist of?

Answer 12

Various protein molecules (microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules)

Question 13

What do the protein molecules that make up the cytoskeleton do?

Answer 13

Give the cell structure and provide pathways for the movement of vesicles.

Question 14

6 steps of protein processing

Answer 14

1) proteins synthesised in ribosomes on rER
2) proteins move to Golgi apparatus in vesicles
3) Golgi modifies proteins and packages them into vesicles
4) vesicles containing modified protein are carried to cell surface membrane
5) vesicle fuses with cell surface membrane
6) modified proteins released from cell by exocytosis

Question 15

What is compartmentalisation?

Answer 15

Internal membranes surround organelles and vesicles within the cell bringing about different environmental conditions within the same cell. This allows the conditions inside each of these organelles to be optimised to the function of that organelle (e.g perfect pH and ion concentrations inside the ribosome to make proteins, perfect pH and ion concentration inside sER to synthesise lipids)

Question 16

Name a type of Golgi vesicle

Answer 16

Lysosomes

Question 17

Function of nucleus

Answer 17

Controls cell activity

Stores organisms entire genetic information in DNA in the form of nuclear chromatin

Question 18

Function of ribosomes

Answer 18

Synthesises proteins

Question 19

Function of mitochondria

Answer 19

Site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP - providing energy for the cell to move, divide produce secretory products, and contract

Question 20

Function of Golgi apparatus

Answer 20

Modifies proteins for export
Secretes enzymes and carbohydrates
Forms lysosomes

Question 21

Function of Golgi vesicles

Answer 21

Transports proteins by fusing with the cell-surface membrane.

Question 22

Function of lysosomes

Answer 22

Removes useless and dangerous material through autolysis, digestion, hydrolysis, and exocytosis.

Question 23

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 23

Synthesises and transports proteins

Question 24

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 24

Synthesises, stores and transports lipids and carbohydrates.

Question 25

Function of the cell membrane

Answer 25

Separates contents of cell from outside environment | Controls which chemicals enter and leave the cell

Question 26

Function of the cell wall

Answer 26

Gives cell strength, rigidity and shape Protective barrier Allows water to pass along it

Question 27

Function of the vacuole

Answer 27

Keeps cell rigid by maintaining pressure inside the cell (prevents plants wilting) Stores nutrients and waste products Helps increase cell size during growth Colours petals

Question 28

What are the 5 parts of the nucleus?

Answer 28

``` Nuclear envelope Nuclear pores Nucleoplasm Nucleolus Genetic material ```

Question 28

What are nuclear pores and what is their function?

Answer 28

Channels in the nuclear envelope allowing the passage of large molecules out of the nucelus

Question 29

Function of the nucleolus

Answer 29

Manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes

Question 30

How does the nucleus store genetic material?

Answer 30

As DNA stored in chromosomes or nuclear chromatin

Question 31

How many nuclear pores does a nucleus have?

Answer 31

Around 3000

Question 32

What are the 3 parts of a mitochondria?

Answer 32

Double membrane Cristae Matrix