[OLD] Respiration - Aerobic Respiration

Question 1

What is respiration?

Answer 1

A chemical reaction that takes place on every cell in the body.

Question 2

Respiration word equation

Answer 2

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Question 3

Respiration chemical equation

Answer 3

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 4

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 4

Adenosine TriPhosphate

Question 5

What are ATP’s constituents?

Answer 5

Three phosphate groups attached to a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous base adenine.

Question 6

What form do cells need energy to be in in order for them to use it?

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

What does ADP stand for?

Answer 7

Adenosine DiPhosphate

Question 8

Give the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP

Answer 8

ATP -> ADP + Pi

Question 9

How is energy released from ATP?

Answer 9

A hydrolysis reaction breaking down ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate.

Question 10

What takes the place of the third phosphate group after it has detached from ATP?

Answer 10

An OH pairing from nearby water molecules.

Question 11

How is ATP regenerated from ADP?

Answer 11

By adding an inorganic phosphate.

Question 12

What is the role of respiration?

Answer 12

To generate ATP

To release energy from food

Question 13

What respiratory substrate is usually used in respiration?

Answer 13

Glucose (from food)

Question 14

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

Answer 14

The mitochondria.

Question 15

What are the 4 steps of aerobic respiration?

Answer 15

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

Question 16

What is oxidation?

Answer 16

Loss of electrons
Addition of oxygen
Removal of hydrogen

Question 17

What is reduction?

Answer 17

Gain of electrons
Removal of oxygen
Addition of hydrogen

Question 18

What other respiratory substrates can be used in aerobic respiration?

Answer 18

Lipids

Proteins

Question 19

How are lipids respired?

Answer 19

Lipids are hydrolysed into glycerol and fatty acids.
The glycerol is phosphorylated and converted to triose phosphate (used in glycolysis).
The fatty acid component is broken down into 2-carbon fragments which are converted into acetyl coenzyme A (enters krebs cycle).

Question 20

How are proteins respired?

Answer 20

Proteins are hydrolysed to their constituent amino acids.
Deamination occurs.
3-carbon compounds are converted to pyruvate (enters link reaction).
4- and 5-carbon compounds are converted to intermediates in the krebs cycle.

Question 21

What are NAD and FAD?

Answer 21

Coenzymes that carry hydrogen atoms and high energy electrons.

Question 22

What does NAD stand for?

Answer 22

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Question 23

What is a coenzyme?

Answer 23

A molecule that some enzymes require in order to function.

Question 24

Which enzymes does NAD work with in respiration?

Answer 24

Dehydrogenase enzymes.

Question 25

What do dehydrogenase enzymes do?

Answer 25

Catalyse the removal of hydrogen from substrates.

Question 26

How can mitochondrial diseases lead to problems? (4 points)

Answer 26

They can affect how proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and the krebs cycle function, reducing ATP production.
This may cause anaerobic respiration to increase to make up for the ATP shortage.
Lots of lactate is produced causing muscle fatigue.
Some lactate will diffuse into the bloodstream, leading to high lactate concentrations in the blood.

Question 27

How many ATP molecules can be made from one glucose molecule?

Answer 27

32

Question 28

How many ATP molecules can be made from one NADH?

Answer 28

2.5

Question 29

How many ATP molecules can be made from one FADH?

Answer 29

1.5

Question 30

What is NAD synthesised from?

Answer 30

Vitamin B3