oncology 1

Question 1

what kind of cells is differentiation altered and lost completely?

Answer 1

malignant cells

Question 2

the _____ differentiated a tumor becomes, the ______ metastasis occurs, and the ________ the prognosis is

Answer 2

less
faster
worse

Question 3

what is the disorganization of cells in which an adult cells varies from its normal size, shape, or organization

Answer 3

dysplasia

Question 4

what is the first level of dysplasia?

Answer 4

metaplasia (early dysplasia)

Question 5

what is the reversible and benign but abnormal change in which one adult cell changes from one type to another?

Answer 5

metaplasia

Question 6

what does meta- mean?

Answer 6

change or alteration

Question 7

what is the loss of cellular differentiation?

Answer 7

anaplasia

Question 8

what is the most advanced from of metaplasia and is considered the hallmark feature of malignant disease?

Answer 8

anaplasia

Question 9

what is the increased number of cells in tissue?

Answer 9

hyperplasia

Question 10

what is neoplastic hyperplasia?

Answer 10

the increase in cell mass due to tumor formation and is an abnormal process

Question 11

what is a localized, pre-invasive, and possibly premalignant tumor of epithelial tissue?

Answer 11

carcinoma in situ

Question 12

where the tumors of carcinoma in situ contained?

Answer 12

in the host organ and have not broken through basement membrane

Question 13

what are the steps in cancer development?

Answer 13

cell mutation

hyperplasia

dysplasia

in situ cancer

invasive cancer

Question 14

what are neoplasms classified by?

Answer 14

cell type
tissue of origin
degree of differentiation
anatomic site
benign or malignant

Question 15

what is stage 0 of cancer?

Answer 15

carcinoma in situ

Question 16

what is stage 1 of cancer?

Answer 16

early stage, local cancer

Question 17

what is stage 2 of cancer?

Answer 17

increased risk of spread because of tumor size

Question 18

what is stage 3 of cancer?

Answer 18

local cancer has spread but may not be disseminated to distant regions

Question 19

what is stage IV of cancer?

Answer 19

cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites

Question 20

what is Tx?

Answer 20

primary tumor cannot be assessed

Question 21

what is T0?

Answer 21

no evidence of primary tumor

Question 22

what is TIS?

Answer 22

carcinoma in situ (confined to site of origin)

Question 23

what is T1, T2, T3, T4?

Answer 23

progressive increase in tumor size and involvement locally

Question 24

What is T?

Answer 24

primary tumor

Question 25

what is Nx?

Answer 25

nodes cannot be assessed

Question 26

what is N0?

Answer 26

no metastasis to regional lymph nodes

Question 27

what is N1, N2, N3?

Answer 27

increasing degrees of involvement of regional lymph nodes

Question 28

what is N?

Answer 28

regional lymph nodes

Question 29

what is M?

Answer 29

distant metastasis

Question 30

what is Mx?

Answer 30

presence of distant metastasis cannot be assessed

Question 31

what is M0?

Answer 31

no distant metastasis

Question 32

what is M1?

Answer 32

distant metastasis

Question 33

what does a low value mean for a tumor in terms of grading?

Answer 33

lower the tumor grade, the better differentiation of tissue within the tumor

Question 34

what does a high score mean for a tumor?

Answer 34

high grade tumor with poor cellular differentiation and a tendency to metastasize early

Question 35

what is the most commonly diagnosed cancer?

Answer 35

lung, breast, and colorectal

Question 36

what is the most prevalent cancer in the world?

Answer 36

lung cancer

Question 37

what are the three most common cancers for men?

Answer 37

prostate lung and bronchus colon and rectum

Question 38

what are the three most common cancer for women?

Answer 38

breast lung and bronchus colon and rectum

Question 39

the cause of cancer varies, and causative agents are generally subdivided into which two categories?

Answer 39

endogenous (genetic) exogenous (environmental)

Question 40

what are the etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell?

Answer 40

carcinogens

Question 41

what are risk factors for cancer?

Answer 41

heredity aging lifestyle geographic location ethnicity precancerous lesions stress

Question 42

what genes have the ability to transform normal cells into malignant cells, independently or incorporated with a virus?

Answer 42

oncogenes

Question 43

what has the opposite effect of oncogenes?

Answer 43

tumor suppressor genes

Question 44

what is the process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation?

Answer 44

carcinogenesis

Question 45

what is the progressive changes following genetic damage to or alteration of cellular DNA?

Answer 45

hyperplasia metaplasia dysplasia carcinoma situ invasive carcinoma metastatic carcinoma

Question 46

what is immuno-surveillance supported by?

Answer 46

1. a higher incidence of cancer after immunosuppression or in immunodeficiency 2. infiltration of tumors by lymphocytes and macrophages 3. lymphocyte proliferation in response to tumors 4. regression of metastases after ablation of the primary tumor 5. immune mediate spontaneous regression of humor tumors

Question 47

why is immunity often insufficient to clear tumors? why does cancer develop in an immunocompetent individual?

Answer 47

1. malignancies proliferate at such a rapid rate that immune defenses are simply overtaken 2. many tumor antigens are weak immunogens, perhaps because they vary only slightly from self-antigens 3. tumors have also evolved to evade innate and adaptive immune responses , known as immune escape

Question 48

metastasis occurs when cells break way from the primary tumor, and travel through the body via the ____ or _____ system and become trapped in the ______ of the organ

Answer 48

blood or lymphatic system capillaries of the organs

Question 49

what are the five most common sites of metastasis?

Answer 49

lymph nodes liver lung bone brain

Question 50

where is metastasis more likely to occur as opposed to the arteries? and why?

Answer 50

veins because the cancer cannot break through the arterial wall

Question 51

the ability of a tumor to grow beyond a very small mass depends on its ability to gain access to an adequate supply of _____ and in some cases the presence of _____ factors...

Answer 51

blood hormones

Question 52

what are blood vessels from preexisting vessels grow into the solid tumor?

Answer 52

angiogenesis

Question 53

when does metastatic spread usually occur after initial diagnosis?

Answer 53

three to five years

Question 54

some low grade lesions can occur how long after initial diagnosis?

Answer 54

15 to 20 years later

Question 55

which areas of the body provide an environment rich in nutrition to the colonized tumor cells?

Answer 55

pulmonary sytem hepatic system skeletal system central nervous sytem

Question 56

what are symptoms of lung cancer?

Answer 56

dry persistent cough pleural pain shortness of breath hemoptysis

Question 57

what is pleural invasion also called?

Answer 57

pleural pain

Question 58

what is shortness of breath or dyspnea called?

Answer 58

pleural effusion

Question 59

what is bronchial tissue invasion called?

Answer 59

hemoptysis

Question 60

what type of cancer is this based on the symptoms: abdominal or right upper quad pain general malaise and fatigue anorexia early satiety and weight loss low grade fevers

Answer 60

hepatic system or liver cancer

Question 61

what type of cancer is marked by areas of decreased bone density?

Answer 61

osteolytic type

Question 62

in osteolytic type, what is an increased bone reabsorption called?

Answer 62

hypercalcemia

Question 63

what type of cancer is appearing as areas of dense scarring and increased bone density?

Answer 63

osteoblastic type

Question 64

what is the most common primary tumor to metastasize to the brain?

Answer 64

lung cancer

Question 65

how does lung cancer travel to the CNS?

Answer 65

lung via the pulmonary veins and carotid artery