immune system 2

Question 1

what are the four inaccurate responses of the immune system?

Answer 1

1. Immunodeficiency
2. Overexpression to a substance or hypersensitivity
3. Alloimmunity
4. Autoimmunity

Question 2

what is immunodeficiency?

Answer 2

inadequacy to protect the host

Question 3

what is alloimmunity?

Answer 3

transfusion or transplantation

Question 4

what is autoimmunity?

Answer 4

reacting to the host’s own cells

Question 5

a primary immunodeficiency has a defect in what bodily structures?

Answer 5

T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues

Question 6

what is an example of a primary immunodeficiency?

Answer 6

inherited defects in the genesis of the immune system

Question 7

what does a secondary immunodeficiency result from?

Answer 7

an underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response

Question 8

what is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency?

Answer 8

infection
aging
malnutrition
chemotherapy
autoimmune disorders
immunosupression

Question 9

three main avenues of transmission of AIDS?

Answer 9

contaminated blood
sexual activity
maternal to child

Question 10

what are high risk behaviors for contracting AIDS?

Answer 10

unprotected sex

six or more sexual partners in the past year

sex with someone with HIV

Question 11

what type of virus is HIV?

Answer 11

RNA virus or retrovirus

Question 12

what is the core of the HIV virus surrounded by?

Answer 12

lipid bilayer envelope containing the glycoprotein spikes

Question 13

what type of human cells do HIV infect and destroy?

Answer 13

human T4 lymphocytes
macrophages
B cells
dendritic cells
microglial cells

Question 14

HIV-1 is more readily transmitted than what other virus?

Answer 14

HIV-2

Question 15

what is the time frame for an acute infection of AIDS?

Answer 15

1-6 weeks

Question 16

what are the symptoms of an acute infection of AIDS?

Answer 16

swelling of lymph nodes
antibody tests remain negative

Question 17

what is the time frame for an asymptomatic infection of AIDS?

Answer 17

1-20 years

Question 18

what is the CD4 count for an asymptomatic for HIV?

Answer 18

500 cells/mm^3 or more

Question 19

what are some hallmarks signs of infection for an asymptomatic with HIV?

Answer 19

positive antibody tests
HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

Question 20

what is seroconversion?

Answer 20

emergence of HIV antibodies in the bloodstream

Question 21

what is the CD4 count of a symptomatic individual with HIV?

Answer 21

between 200 and 500

Question 22

what are some symptoms of a symptomatic individual with HIV?

Answer 22

adenopathy
nonspecific symptoms (diarrhea, weight loss, night sweats, and fevers
neurological symptoms

Question 23

what is the CD4 count of an advanced person with HIV?

Answer 23

200 or less

Question 24

what is the name of a type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 24

IGE mediated reaction

Question 25

what is the rate of development for type 1?

Answer 25

immediate

Question 26

what is the class of the antibody involved in type 1?

Answer 26

IgE

Question 27

what are the principle effect or cells involved in type 1?

Answer 27

Mast cells

Question 28

Is there complement participation in type 1?

Answer 28

No

Question 29

What are some example disorders of type 1?

Answer 29

Seasonal allergic rhinitis

Question 30

What is the name of type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 30

Tissue specific reaction

Question 31

what is the rate of development for type 2?

Answer 31

Immediate

Question 32

What is the class antibody involved in type 2?

Answer 32

IgG IgM

Question 33

What is a principle effect or cells involved in Type 2?

Answer 33

macrophages in tissues

Question 34

is there complement participation in type 2?

Answer 34

Frequently

Question 35

What are example disorders of type 2?

Answer 35

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura Graves’ disease Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Insulin resistant diabetes Myasthenia gravis

Question 36

What is the name of type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 36

Immune complex mediated reaction

Question 37

What class of antibody is involved in type 3?

Answer 37

IgG IgM

Question 38

What principle effect or cells are involved in type 3?

Answer 38

Neutrophils

Question 39

Is there complement participation in type 3?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

What are example disorders of type 3?

Answer 40

Systemic lupus erythematosus

Question 41

What is the name of type 4 hypersensitivity ?

Answer 41

Cell mediated reaction

Question 42

What is the rate of development of type 4?

Answer 42

Delayed

Question 43

What is the class antibody involved in type 4?

Answer 43

None

Question 44

Is there complement participation in class 4?

Answer 44

No

Question 44

What is the principal effect or cells involved in type 4?

Answer 44

Lymphocytes Macrophages

Question 45

what is an example of disorders for type 4?

Answer 45

contact sensitivity to poison ivy and metals (jewelry)

Question 46

what type of immunologic mechanism is an alloimmune reaction or an incompatible blood transfusion?

Answer 46

type 2

Question 47

what are the most common tissues affected in type 3 hypersensitivity?

Answer 47

kidneys, joints, skin, and blood vessels

Question 48

what is an example of immune complex mediated disease?

Answer 48

systemic lupus erthematosus

Question 49

which immunologic mechanism is a delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction?

Answer 49

type 4

Question 50

when does type 4 occur?

Answer 50

in contact dermatitis after sensitization to an allergen

Question 51

type 4 occurs in contact dermatitis after sensitization to an allergen in the form of...

Answer 51

cosmetics topical medications adhesives poison ivy latex sensitivity tb test

Question 52

what are four T cell mediated diseases (type 4)?

Answer 52

rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis type 1 diabetes mellitus hashimoto inflammatory bowel disease

Question 53

what is an autoimmune disease?

Answer 53

the body fails to distinguish self from non-self, causing the immune system to direct immune responses against normal tissue and become self destructive

Question 54

what is an example of the following autoimmune disease: localized tissue damage occurs resulting from the presence of specific autoantibodies

Answer 54

hashimoto disease

Question 55

what is an example of the following autoimmune disease: the lesion tends to be localized in one organ, but the antibodies are non organ specific

Answer 55

primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 56

what is an example of the following autoimmune disease: non-organ specific diseases in which lesions and antibodies are widespread throughout the body and not limited to one target organ?

Answer 56

SLE (lupus)

Question 57

what are four examples of organ specific autoimmune disease?

Answer 57

diabetes mellitus type 1 graves disease hashimoto disease PBC

Question 58

what are three examples of systemic autoimmune disease?

Answer 58

rheumatoid arthritis SLE Myasthenia gravis multiple sclerosis

Question 59

what are some factors of autoimmune disease?

Answer 59

genetic hormonal environmental factors -chemicals -toxins -sunlight -drugs Viruses stress cross reactive bodies

Question 60

what is immunologic tolerance?

Answer 60

the unresponsiveness of certain antigens induced by their exposure to lymphocytes

Question 61

what is self-tolerance?

Answer 61

lack of recognition and responsiveness to one's own tissue antigens

Question 62

what is loss of self-tolerance

Answer 62

autoimmunity

Question 63

what is central tolerance?

Answer 63

immature lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens during their maturation in central lymphoid organs

Question 64

what happens to immature lymphocytes?

Answer 64

killed by apoptosis

Question 65

what is peripheral tolerance?

Answer 65

mature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens become either anergic or suppressed by regulatory t cells or undergo apoptosis

Question 66

what is molecular mimicry

Answer 66

viruses and microbes share cross reacting epitopes with self antigens where microbial antigens tend to attack self-tissues

Question 67

what does discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) affect?

Answer 67

the skin (face, neck and scalp)

Question 68

what does systemic lupus erthematosus (SLE) affect?

Answer 68

any organ or system of the body

Question 69

which one is more severe? SLE or DLE?

Answer 69

SLE

Question 70

what can enhance the probability of graft acceptance?

Answer 70

HLA matching

Question 71

what type of reaction is graft rejection or allergic reaction to a transplant?

Answer 71

type IV