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internal med unit 2 > immune system 1 > Flashcards

immune system 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what group is monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, and natural killer cells?

A

innate immune system

(ALL PHILS)

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2
Q

what type of cells are in the adaptive immune system?

A

B and T cells (lymphocytes)

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3
Q

what cells are grouped into a combination of adaptive and innate immune system?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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4
Q

What are neutrophils classified as?

A

phagocytes
granulocytes

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5
Q

during acute inflammation, neutrophils….

  1. ___ dramatically in number
  2. ___ to arrive at sites
  3. constitute a major line of defense against ____
A

increase
first cells
pus forming bacteria

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6
Q

how many lobes do neutrophils have?

A

3-5

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7
Q

how many lobes do the monocytes have?

A

2

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8
Q

where do monocytes originate from?

A

bone marrow

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9
Q

in response to infection and inflammation, monocytes migrate into tissues then mature into….

A

macrophages

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10
Q

what do monocytes and macrophages do?

A

filter the debris produced by neutrophils and kill any damaged, but not dead, bacteria or bacteria that are too large for neutrophils to eliminate

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11
Q

what are eosinophils involved in?

A

allergic responses and parasitic infections

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12
Q

eosinophils only surround the pathogens if…

A

they are too large for neutrophils and macrophages to eliminate

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13
Q

eosinophils release what three granules?

A

histamine (vasodilator)
heparin (anticoagulant)
cytokines (inflammatory reactions)

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14
Q

what granulocytes are involved in allergic responses?

A

basophils

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15
Q

what complications are mast cells involved with?

A

allergic responses
anaphylaxis
wound healing and against invading pathogens

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16
Q

what do mast cells do to blood vessels?

A

dilate blood vessels

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17
Q

what do basophils and mast cells do to the blood vessels?

A

increase the blood supply and recruit more phagocytes to the site of infection

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18
Q

B cells (lymphocytes) mature in what structure of the body?

A

bone marrow

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19
Q

what do B lymphocytes produce to neutralize invading pathogens?

A

antibodies

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20
Q

where are T cells produced in and where do they mature?

A

bone marrow
mature in the thymus

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21
Q

what are the two types of T lymphocytes?

A

helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells

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22
Q

where are the mature natural killer cells?

A

blood and spleen

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23
Q

what do natural killer cells do?

A

kill the cells infected with viruses, other intracellular microbe-infected cells, and tumor cells

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24
Q

what are the three steps for natural killer cells to carry out its function?

A
  1. localized to infected tissues in response to inflammatory cytokines
  2. release cytotoxic granules –> create pores –> activate a programmed death cascade
  3. release more cytokines to recruit macrophages and initiate adaptive immunity
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25
what do phagocytes do?
readily ingest pathogens and kill them to protect against infection
26
what are two types of phagocytes?
neutrophils monocytes
27
how long do neutrophils live?
short lived: 2-3 days
28
what type of macrophage is a neutrophil (granulocyte or non-granulocyte)?
granulocyte
29
how long does a monocyte live?
persist for months or years
30
is a monocyte a granulocyte or non-granulocyte?
non-granulocyte
31
what causes a decrease number of phagocytic leukocytes?
radiotherapy or chemotherapy
32
what happens if there is a decrease in the number of phagocytic leukocytes?
susceptible to infection
33
what are three major types of cells that place a peptide on their MHC class II complex and present to T helper cells?
1. macrophages 2. dendritic cells 3. B cells
34
what is another name for CD8+?
cytotoxic cells
35
what is another name for helper T cell?
CD4+ cells
36
Class I MHC can be recognized by what cells?
cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
37
Class II can be recognized by what cells?
helper T cells (CD4+)
38
what are three examples of first line of defense?
chemical barriers mechanical barriers reflexes
39
what are four examples of second line of defense?
protective proteins natural killer cells inflammation and fever phagocytes
40
what are three examples of third line of defense?
T cells B cells antibodies
41
what kind of defense is the following: skin mucus peristalsis coughing sneezing stomach acid cerumen tears saliva
external defenses
42
what are soluble factors of internal defenses?
complement system cytokines chemokines acute phase proteins
43
what are cellular components of internal defenses?
neutrophils monocytes/macrophages natural killer cells
44
what line of defense is inflammatory response and what does it do?
second line of defense vasodilation occurs to increase blood flow and decrease blood velocity
45
what happens to permeability with increased vasodilation? and then what follows?
increases and WBC migrate across the vessel walls (diapedesis) cellular debris and fluid eventually drains through the lymphatic system
46
what do B cells produce?
antibodies
47
what do the generation of a diverse T cell repertoire depend on?
rearrangement of genes
48
what is the principal function of cell-mediated immunity?
destruction of microbes that are able to survive in the cytoplasm or phagocytic vesicles of infected cells
49
what is the pathway of development for T cells?
bone marrow thymus gland secondary lymphoid organs
50
what are helper T cells called?
CD4+ lymphocytes
51
HIV infection results in the gradual decline of what cells?
CD4+
52
what are the effector cells called?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
53
what do CD8+ cells do?
control viral infections by directly killing virally infected cells and producing cytokines that inhibit viral replication
54
what cells prevent inappropriate responses against self-antigens of the host or commensal microorganisms?
regulatory T lymphocytes
55
what are antibodies present in different bodily fluids or secretions, such as saliva, blood, or vaginal secretions part of?
humoral immunity | B cells
56
what are the first two steps of B cell development and the last step?
bone marrow secondary lymphoid organ plasma cells IGM and memory B cells
57
what are the phases of the immune response in order (5)?
1. recognition phase 2. amplification phase 3. effector phase 4. termination phase 5. memory
58
exercise triggers a rise in blood levels of ______ ?
neutrophils
59
if exercise goes beyond 30 minutes, a second or delayed, rise in PMNs or neutrophils occurs over the next _____?
2-4 hours
60
what happens if you exercise in high intensity above 80% of VO2 max?
it can suppress immune function and damage enough tissue to evoke the acute phase response in human beings
61
regular exercise is associated with what positive factors?
enhanced responses to vaccinations lower numbers of exhausted T cells, circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory response to bacterial challen increase T cell proliferative comapcity longer leukocyte telomere lengths delay in apoptosis
62
what is the neck check?
checking if there are symptoms located above the neck (stuffy or runny nose, sneezing or scratchy throat)
63
if there are symptoms above the next, how should the schedule workout be performed?
at half speed if after 10 minutes, the symptoms are alleviated, the workout can be finished at the usual amount of frequency

internal med unit 2 (9 decks)

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