ophthalmology 2 Flashcards
(50 cards)
What are the red eye red flags?
Severe pain, photophobia, reduced vision, proptosis, smaller pupil, raised IOP or corneal epithelium disruption
These symptoms indicate serious eye conditions that require immediate medical attention.
What is the middle layer of the eye called?
Uveal tract
This layer contains the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
What does the iris contain?
Anterior layer of stroma with sphincter and dilator pupillae, posterior layer of pigmented epithelium
The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
What is the function of the ciliary body?
Allows lens convexity and is involved in aqueous production
The ciliary body also contains muscle layers that control lens shape.
What is uveitis?
Inflammation inside part of your eye
Can be acute or chronic and may affect the anterior or posterior sections.
What are the investigations for uveitis?
ESR, FBC, ACE level, HLA typing, chest X-rays
These tests help determine the underlying cause of uveitis.
What complications can arise from uveitis?
Cataract, glaucoma, macular oedema, hypotony, band keratopathy, CME
These complications can lead to significant vision impairment.
What causes anterior uveitis?
Trauma, surgery, HZV, colitis, Crohn’s, syphilis, TB, sarcoidosis
Anterior uveitis symptoms include red eye, watering, blurred vision, and hyperaemia.
What symptoms are associated with posterior uveitis?
Floaters, blurred vision, macular oedema, disc swelling, vasculitis
These symptoms indicate inflammation affecting the back of the eye.
How is uveitis treated?
Use mydriatics, topical steroids, periocular steroid injections, intraocular steroids, systemic steroids, antimetabolites, alkylating agents
Treatment depends on the severity and underlying cause of uveitis.
What are mydriatics used for in uveitis treatment?
Relieves pain and prevents posterior synechiae
Mydriatics help to dilate the pupil and reduce inflammation.
What are examples of topical steroids for uveitis?
Dexamethasone sodium phosphate, prednisolone acetate or phosphate
These steroids help reduce inflammation in the eye.
What can periocular steroid injections treat?
Primary treatment for posterior uveitis or uveitic eyes
These injections can provide prolonged effects for inflammation control.
What are the complications of intraocular steroids?
Heightened IOP, cataract, haemorrhage, retinal detachment
These complications can occur following steroid administration in the eye.
What are systemic steroids used for in uveitis?
For uveitis unresponsive to periocular injection
Examples include oral prednisolone and IV methylprednisolone.
What side effects can long-term use of systemic steroids cause?
Cushing syndrome, osteoporosis, limitation of growth, TB, cataracts
Long-term steroid use carries significant health risks.
What are antimetabolites used for?
Bilateral uveitis that is non-infectious and reversible
They should be used after steroid therapy if there’s no response.
What are alkylating agents used for?
Retinal vasculitis
Examples include cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil.
What risks are associated with alkylating agents?
GI disturbance, bone marrow suppression, cancer, infertility, infection, allergies
These agents can have serious side effects that require monitoring.
What is branch retinal vein occlusion?
Blockage in one of the smaller veins that drain blood from the retina, potentially leading to vision loss or blurring.
What is central retinal vein occlusion?
Main vein draining blood from retina is blocked leading to fluid buildup, oxygen deprivation and so vision loss.
What causes retinal artery occlusion?
Blood clot or cholesterol build up in the retina’s arteries; poor blood flow leads to pain and vision loss.
What is retinopathy?
A complication of diabetic patients; can get retinal oedema, looks like thickening on biomicroscopy, abnormal vessels.
What types of haemorrhages can occur in retinopathy?
Haemorrhages that look like hard exudates, shaped in clumps or rings; can also get cotton wool spots and venous irregularities.
