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opthalmology 1 doc Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the shape and volume of the orbit?

A

Pyramid-shaped, 30 ml.

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2
Q

What are the key components found in the orbit?

A
  • Fat
  • Fascia
  • Eyeball
  • Lacrimal gland
  • Extraocular muscles
  • Ciliary ganglion
  • Nerves: Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducent, Ophthalmic division of Trigeminal nerve
  • Arteries: Ophthalmic, Central retinal, Ciliary arteries
  • Veins: Superior and Inferior Ophthalmic veins, Central Retinal vein
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3
Q

What are the main parts of the eyeball?

A
  • Anterior segment
  • Posterior segment
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4
Q

What structures are included in the anterior segment of the eyeball?

A
  • Conjunctiva
  • Cornea
  • Lens
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
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5
Q

What are the external barriers to infection in the eye?

A
  • Eyelids
  • Conjunctiva
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6
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the skin of the eyelids?

A

Keratinised Stratified Squamous epithelium.

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7
Q

What muscle is responsible for closing the eye and what nerve innervates it?

A

Orbicularis oculi, innervated by the Facial nerve.

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8
Q

What is the function of Meibomian glands in the eyelids?

A

Rich in sebaceous glands, they secrete lipids for tear film; prevent excessive evaporation of tears

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9
Q

What are the common bacterial commensals found in the conjunctiva?

A
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Propionibacterium acnes
  • Various fungi
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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The conjunctiva forms the _______ and _______ fornices.

A

superior, inferior

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11
Q

What are the primary functions of the cornea?

A
  • Maintains shape & pressure
  • Protection against infection and trauma
  • Refracts incoming light
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12
Q

What is the thickness range of the cornea?

A

0.5 mm to 1 mm.

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13
Q

What layer of the tear film smooths the optical interface and conveys oxygen?

A

The aqueous layer.

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14
Q

Which gland is responsible for reflex tearing?

A

Lacrimal gland.

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15
Q

What is keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

Aqueous tear deficiency causing dry eyes.

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16
Q

What is the recommended treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Topical antibiotics: Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides, Quinolones
  • Systemic antibiotics: Third-generation cephalosporin, Oral amoxicillin with clavulanic acid
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17
Q

True or False: Viral conjunctivitis typically presents with unilateral eye involvement initially.

A

True.

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18
Q

What is the treatment for allergic conjunctivitis?

A
  • Allergen avoidance
  • Cool compresses
  • Topical antihistamines
  • Steroids for severe cases
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19
Q

What are the characteristics of episcleritis?

A

Redness, mild pain, no discharge, no blurring of vision.

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20
Q

What are the risk factors that can predispose to bacterial corneal ulcers?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Corneal trauma
  • Contact lens wear
  • Chronic compromised ocular surface
  • Herpetic keratitis
  • Immunosuppression
21
Q

What treatment is recommended for bacterial ulcers?

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A
  • Topical antibiotics after corneal scraping
  • Monotherapy with fluoroquinolone or duotherapy with cefuroxime and gentamicin
  • Topical steroids after clinical improvement
22
Q

What is the typical treatment for dry eyes?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Tear substitutes
  • Patient education on blinking
  • Humidification
  • Surgical options: Tarsorrhaphy, lacrimal punctal occlusion
23
Q

What is the primary role of the conjunctiva?

Study These Flashcards
A

To protect the eye against microorganisms and facilitate smooth eye movement.

24
Q

What happens to the sclera in jaundice?

Study These Flashcards
A

It appears yellow due to bilirubin affinity in conjunctiva.

25
What are the treatment options for conjunctival degeneration?
* Lubricants * Topical steroids * Sunglasses with UV filter * Surgical excision with adjunctive treatments
26
What is the recommended treatment for aggressive disease or suspected streptococci?
Duotherapy with cefuroxime 5% and gentamicin 1.5% ## Footnote This is indicated in cases where there is aggressive disease or streptococcal infection suspected.
27
What are the topical antibiotics used after corneal scraping?
Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin) ## Footnote These antibiotics are instilled hourly for 24–48 hours, then tapered based on clinical progress.
28
What should be done once clinical improvement is seen in a patient with a corneal ulcer?
Commence topical steroids ## Footnote Topical steroids can help reduce inflammation after improvement is noted.
29
What systemic antibiotics are indicated for potential systemic involvement?
N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoeae ## Footnote These pathogens are considered when systemic involvement is a concern.
30
What is the treatment for severe corneal thinning with threatened perforation?
Ciprofloxacin for antibacterial activity and tetracycline for anticollagenase effect ## Footnote This combination aims to address both infection and collagenase activity.
31
What are the characteristics of a viral ulcer?
Red, watery eye, painless but photophobic, stains with fluorescein - dendritic progressing to geographic ## Footnote These symptoms are indicative of viral keratitis.
32
What are the topical antivirals used for treating viral ulcers?
Aciclovir ointment, ganciclovir gel, trifluridine solution ## Footnote These have approximately equivalent effects and most cases resolve within 2 weeks.
33
What is the purpose of epithelial debridement in viral ulcers?
To protect adjacent epithelium from infection and reduce antigenic stimulus to inflammation ## Footnote This adjunctive treatment aids in the healing process.
34
What are the symptoms of fungal keratitis?
Gradual onset of pain, grittiness, photophobia, blurred vision, and watery/mucopurulent discharge ## Footnote These symptoms are common in fungal infections of the cornea.
35
What is the appearance of a fungal keratitis infiltrate?
Yellow-white densely suppurative infiltrate with fluffy margins and ring-shaped appearance ## Footnote This visual characteristic helps differentiate it from other types of keratitis.
36
What are the treatments for Candida infection in fungal keratitis?
Amphotericin B 0.15%, Econazole 1%, alternatives include Natamycin 5%, Fluconazole 2%, Clotrimazole 1% ## Footnote These treatments are initiated topically and adjusted based on response.
37
What is the middle layer of the eye known as?
Uveal tract ## Footnote This layer includes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid.
38
What is aniridia?
Partial or total lack of iris ## Footnote This condition can affect vision and eye appearance.
39
What is the most common primary eye tumor?
Melanoma ## Footnote This type of tumor has a 50% survival rate with metastasis within 6-12 months.
40
What is the role of the aqueous humor?
Occupies anterior and posterior chambers, secreted by epithelium of the ciliary processes ## Footnote Aqueous humor is crucial for maintaining intraocular pressure and providing nutrients.
41
What is the biconvex disc in the eye called?
Lens ## Footnote The lens focuses light onto the retina and changes shape for accommodation.
42
What causes cataract formation?
Opacification due to age, metabolic disorders, trauma, or ocular inflammation ## Footnote Cataracts lead to a decrease in vision quality.
43
What is the treatment for cataracts?
Phacoemulsification + IOL implant ## Footnote This surgical procedure is common for restoring vision affected by cataracts.
44
What is the function of the suspensory ligament around the lens?
Helps in accommodation by holding the lens in place and allowing it to change shape ## Footnote The zonules adjust tension based on muscle contractions.
45
what does presence of blue sclera mean
collagen disorder leads to thinning of sclera-> uveal tissue underneath becomes visible
46
why do you want a drug to be both water and lipid soluble?
the lipid solubility aspect allows it to cross the corneal epithelium the water solubility allows the drug to cross the corneal stroma
47
negatives of topical eye ointments?
- not compatible with contact lenses - can cause vision blurriness despite long contact time for absorption
48
what are the goblet cell layer responsible for?
provides hydrophilic attachment for aqueous component of drug

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