Oregon, Washington Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
List the AVAs shared between Oregon and Washington
A
Columbia Gorge
Columbia Valley
Walla Walla Valley
Rocks of Milton Freewater- AVA is entirely in Oregon, but WA producers grow grapes there
2
Q
Rocks of Milton Freewater AVA- where is it? Soil? Grapes?
A
within Walla Walla ACA. Northern Oregon near WA border, but entirely on OR side. Rhone varieties, particularly Syrah
unique boundaries for an AVA: drawn around an alluvial fan - 96% of the area’s soils are uniform
Freewater Series: cobblestone-rich gravels deposited by Walla Walla River. basalt- volcanic cobblestones from the Blue Mountains (similar to galets in CdP)
producers: Cayuse, Zerba Cellars, Watermill Winery
3
Q
Which two mountain ranges is the Willamette Valley between?
A
Cascades and the Coastal Range
4
Q
Who were the pioneers of Oregon Pinot Noir?
A
David Lett of Eyrie
Charles Coury
Dick Erath
Dick Ponzi
Joseph Drouhin
5
Q
Who was the first to plant Pinot Noir in Oregon?
A
Richard Sommers in 1961
Hillcrest Winery in Umpqua Valley, which remains Oregon’s oldest winery
6
Q
List the original 6 sub AVAs within Willamette?
A
Dundee Hills
Eola Amity Hills
Ribbon Ridge
McMinnville
Yamhill-Carlton
Chehalem Mountains
these AVAs were drawn to match the reach of the floodwater from the Missoula floods
7
Q
Which 5 AVAs were recently added as sub AVAs in Willamette Valley?
A
Van Duzer Corridor 2019
Laurelwood District 2020
Tualatin Hills 2020
Lower Long Tom 2021
Mt Pisgah Polk County Oregon 2022
8
Q
What are the 4 main soil types in the Willamette valley?
A
Marine Sediment
Volcanic
Loess (wind blown)
Missoula Flood Deposits (Woodburn series)
note* there are NO limestone soils here
9
Q
Oregon marine sediment soil type - where is it found? Describe the wines
A
Mostly in the western side of the valley.
The Willakenzie series in the northern Willamette Valley and the Bellpine series in the south are examples. They tend to be sandier and thinner than the volcanic soils. around 15 million years ago
Pinot Noir wines produced on marine sedimentary soils are typically noted as darker in color and fruit profile.
10
Q
Jory soils - what is it? where is it found? Describe the wines
A
Jory soils are volcanic soils, common in the “red hills” of Dundee Hills AVA in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. These soils formed 15-17 million years ago as the Cascades rose. They sit atop basalt bedrock
Nekia series is shallow volcanic soil
The wines are described as light in color, with red fruit aromas. Also in Douglas County
11
Q
Loess soil in Oregon - where is it found?
A
In the northern part of the Valley, on NE facing hillsides. Reddish silt soils. Examples include the Laurelwood, Cornelius, and Cascade series. around
2.5 million years old
12
Q
Missoula Flood Deposits in Oregon -where are they found?
A
These fertile soils are in the valley floor, only about 10% of the Willamette has these soils- fertile, low lying. around 12,000 years old
(Woodburn, Wilammette series)
13
Q
Which AVAs are impacted by winds coming in through the Van Duzer corridor? How does it affect the wines?
A
Van Duzer Corridor
McMinnville
Eola Amity Hills
results in a more tannic style of Pinot Noir
14
Q
List the AVAs of Southern Oregon
A
Southern Oregon AVA
Umpqua Valley, including:
Elkton Oregon
Red Hill Douglas County, Oregon
Rogue Valley
Applegate Valley
15
Q
Main grapes grown in Southern Oregon
A
Pinot Noir, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon,
Pinot Gris, Gewurztraminer, Chardonnay
16
Q
What is the warmest and driest AVA west of the Cascades in Oregon?
A
Applegate Valley
Cabernet, Syrah, Zinfandel
17
Q
Oregon varietal wines - what is the minimum % of the stated variety that must be present?
A
90%
federal rules: 75%
18
Q
Oregon wines- labeled with state or county?
A
100% of grapes must come from Oregon
federal rules: 75%
19
Q
Oregon varietal wines - what is the minimum % of the stated AVA that must be present?
A
95%
federal rules: 85%
20
Q
List 3 producers based in the Eola Amity Hills
A
Antica Terra 2005
Lingua Franca 2012
Cristom 1992
Evening Lands
Bethel Heights
Evesham Wood
Failla
21
Q
List 2 producers based in Yamhill Carlton
A
Ken Wright 1994
Tendrill
22
Q
Where is Adelsheim based?
A
Chehalem Mountains, est 1971
23
Q
Where is Eyrie based?
A
Dundee Hills, est 1965
24
Q
Where is Domaine Drouhin based in Oregon?
A
Dundee hills, est 1987
25
Where is Beaux Freres based?
Ribbon Ridge, est 1986
26
What is Willakenzie? Where is it found
Marine sediment soil in Willamette Valley. Ribbon Ridge, Chehalem Mtns
27
What grapes are grown in the Columbia Valley?
Cabernet
Pinot Noir
Syrah
28
What AVA is shared between Oregon and Idaho?
Snake River
29
Washington important red grapes
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Syrah
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet and Merlot together account for about 1/3 of the state's total Acreage
30
Washington important white grapes
Chardonnay
Riesling
Pinot Gris
Sauvignon Blanc
Gewürztraminer
31
Washington climate? influencing factors? Average rainfall in growing areas?
Continental, arid
in the rain shadow of the Cascade Mountains, average 6-12 inches per year. 11 inches in Yakima Valley
average diurnal shift in Columbia Valley is 28 degrees, but it can swing up to 40 degrees F in some areas
the Rockies to the north and east also shelter the Columbia basin from icy polar air masses
32
Washington soil types- bedrock vs topsoil? What are most vineyards planted on?
bedrock: basalt
topsoil: Missoula Flood Sediment- nutrient rich deposits called "Touchet Beds"
vineyards on: sandy, silty loam, loess
soils are "eolian" or shaped by the wind
33
Which AVAs are nested within Columbia Valley?
Wahluke Slope
Yakima Valley
Horse Heaven Hills
Walla Walla Valley
Columbia Gorge
inside Yakima Valley:
Snipes Mountain
Rattlesnake Hills
Red Mountain
Candy Mountain
Goose Gap
34
Which AVAs are nested within Yakima Valley?
(within Columbia Valley, WA)
Snipes Mountain
Rattlesnake Hills
Red Mountain
Candy Mountain
Goose Gap
35
List 5 producers Washington
Woodward Canyon (Walla Walla)
Grammercy Cellars (Columbia Valley)
Cayuse (Walla Walla)
Leonetti (Walla Walla)
Andrew Will (HHH)
Echolands (Walla Walla)
36
Approximately how many acres does the Columbia Valley cover?
11 million! Over a quarter of Washington's land mass
37
Rattlesnake Hills AVA- where is this? Elevation? Grapes?
within Yakima Valley, Columbia Valley, Washington, 850–3,085 feet. slightly cooler than Red Mountain
Merlot, Riesling, Cabernet
Andrew Will’s estate Two Blondes Vineyard, Côte Bonneville’s Dubrul Vineyard are here, but both label Yakima Valley - there was local opposition to the creation of this AVA
38
Red Mountain AVA
within Yakima Valley- hottest wine regionof WA. Desert-like climate- receiving average 5 inches rainfall per year. also the most densely planted AVA in the state
reputation for good Cabernet
producers: Col Solare, Force Majeure, Upchurch Vineyards
source fruit from here: Ciel du Cheval, Kiona, Klipsun
39
Col Solare
in Red Mountain, Yakima Valley, Columbia Valley, WA
collaboration between Tuscany’s Antinori and Washington’s Chateau Ste. Michelle
40
Walla Walla AVA
shared between OR and WA. more than half of the area is in Oregon, but more producers in WA.
Walla Walla = "many waters," at confluence of 3 rivers- the Columbia, Walla Walla, and Snake Rivers
Blue Mountains to east, and more rainfall as you move east
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah account for over 80% of plantings
non AVA sub regions: Mill Creek and North Fork of Walla Walla Valley- close to Blue Mtns, may be AVAs one day
41
Walla Walla soils
the Walla Walla Valley is covered in loess, frequently reaching 25-30 ft. in depth. At Leonetti’s Loess Vineyard in the foothills of the Blue Mountains, the soil extends 50 ft. or more in depth. It’s an arable, fertile soil, but in Washington’s arid to semi-arid environment this does not have to be a drawback.
Loess can hold up to three inches of water per square foot, but it is still free-draining.
42
List 3 wineries in Ribbon Ridge
Adelsheim
Brick House
Beaux Freres
43
Oregon's largest producer?
King Estates
the state approved a 10,000 acre extension of the Willamette Valley AVA southward for them
44
What brought Drouhin to Oregon?
David Lett's Eyrie Vineyards South Block Pinot NOir 1975 vintage- brought to to French tastings, up against several Burgundies. The wine performed well, catching the interest of Robert Drouhin and leading him to come to Oregon in 1987
45
Willamette vs Burgundy
both around 45 degrees north
very similar average annual temperatures, and both Region I climates
however- Burgundy gets hotter in the summer, and has a slightly shorter growing season
Willamette is wetter, but gets its rains in winter, whereas most of Burgundy's rains are in the growing season- rot is less of a concern in OR.
also, frost is rarely an issue in OR
46
What is LIVE?
Created by Ted Besteel of Bethel Heights- Low Input Viticulture and Enology (LIVE) Program.
non-profit organization committed to a more sustainable future for its member wineries and promotes an overall reduction in the number of raw materials—from water to chemical fertilizers and pesticides—required in the vineyard and winery. LIVE offers third-party sustainability certification for vineyards and wineries in Oregon (since 1999) and Washington (since 2006).
Wineries may use the LIVE logo on labels, provided the winery is LIVE-certified and at least 97% of the grapes come from a LIVE-certified vineyard. Wines produced in non-certified wineries may add this phrase instead: “made with LIVE-certified grapes.” Many of Willamette Valley’s top wineries now carry LIVE certification.
47
Viticultural threats Willamette
birds! If left unchecked, a single flock can peck apart an entire vineyard on its journey south, and birds are particularly damaging in later harvests.
Grape rust mites are a nuisance in the springtime, and rodents like gophers and voles are a constant headache for growers
phylloxera arrived in 1990- many own rooted vineyards 'live with the infestation'
48
Dundee Hills AVA
elevation
geography
soil
vineyards
producers
in the northern Willamette, elevation ranges from 200 ft. to 1,067 ft. Red Jory soils (volcanic). The hills’ elevation limits frost exposure, provides better air drainage to shield against botrytis, and brings the vineyards up and out of the valley floor’s vigorous flood-borne soils
most densely planted region in Oregon. likely oldest vines in Oregon- Eyrie's Original Vines Pinot Gris was planted in 1965
vineyards: Maresh Vineyard, Abbey Ridge, Thomas Vineyard, Eyrie
producers: Eyrie, Sokol Blosser, Domaine Drouhin, Archery Summit, Domaine Serene
49
Yamhill Carlton AVA
elevation
geography
soil
vineyards
producers
just west of Dundee Hills, in Willamette. Marine sediment soils. 200-1000 ft elevation, in foothills of Coastal Mountains
vineyard: Shea
producers: Elk Cove, Ken Wright, and Penner-Ash
50
Chehalem Mountains AVA
elevation
geography
soil
vineyards
producers
northern Willamette, just 19 miles south of Portland. elevation 200 ft. to 1,633 ft- summit of Bald Peak, highest point in Willamette. most planted AVA of Willamette overall
northern hillsides: windblown Laurelwood soils
south: volcanic, marine sediment
producers: Dick Erath, Ponzi, Adelsheim
Ribbon Ridge and Laurelwood District are both within Chehalem Mountains
51
AVAs within Chehalem Mountains
Ribbon Ridge AVA
Laurelwood District AVA
52
Ribbon Ridge AVA
smallest AVA in Willamette
soils predominantly Willakenzie series
producers: Brick House, Beaux Freres
53
McMinnville AVA
westernmost AVA in Willamette.
squarely in mouth of Van Duzer Corridor- strong, cold Pacific winds come through, reducing berry size and crop load, and producing thicker skins. vines planted on east facing slopes to shelter from the western winds
biggest diurnal shift in Willamette
mix of soil types
54
Eola Amity Hills AVA
Like windblown “eolian” soils, the name Eola is derived from Aeolus, Greek god of winds, and the AVA itself sits directly east of the Van Duzer Corridor.
eastern hills: Nekia series (basalt, thin volcanic)
western: more marine sediment
vineyards: Seven Springs (Evening Land), Jerusalem Hill (Serene), Roserock (Drouhin)
producers: Bethel Heights, Justice Vineyard, Temperance Hill, and Argyle’s Spirit Hill, Evening Land, Walter Scott, Antica Terra, Lingua Franca
55
Van Duzer Corridor AVA
est 2019, affected by cold pacific winds.
marine sediment soils
producers: Van Duzer, Johan, and Firesteed
56
First Pinot Noir in Willamette?
planted by David Lett, of Eyrie in 1965 (?)
also planted first Pinot Gris vineyards in 1966
57
Umpqua Valley AVA
nested AVAs
soil
producer
in Southern Oregon.
nested: Elkton, Oregon, and Red Hills Douglas County
red Jory soils
Richard Sommer planted first PN in Oregon here in 1961
Abacela is leading producer
58
Rogue Valley AVA
climate
elevation
subzones
vineyard
producers
Southern Oregon- warmest in the state. Applegate Valley AVA is nested here- warmest and driest west of the Cascades. Also highest- viticulture rises to 2000 ft here
non AVA subzones: Illinois Valley, in the west, and Bear Valley- more inland.
vineyard: Del Rio (huge at 300+ acres)
producers: Bridgeview, Foris, Cowhorn
59
Idaho AVAs
The Snake River Valley AVA, approved in 2007 and shared with Oregon, is the heart of Idaho’s modern, nascent wine industry.
Within the Snake River Valley, Eagle Foothills AVA was approved in late 2015 as the first viticultural area located entirely within the state of Idaho.
The Lewis-Clark Valley AVA, Idaho’s historical center of viticulture, finally achieved AVA status in early 2016. It is located further north and crosses the Washington border.
60
Major mountains Columbia Gorge
Cascades- Mount Hood and Mount Adams
61
Rocks of Milton Freewater bottlings labeled Walla Walla
from growers on the WA side-
Reynvaan “In the Rocks” Syrah
Dusted Valley “Tall Tales” Syrah
Rotie Cellars “Northern Blend”
Sleight of Hand “Psychedelic Syrah”
Two Vintners “Some Days Are Stones”
Saviati “The Funk”
62
Oregon Chardonnay clones
originally Wente from Napa were planted- but they struggled to do well. Eventually David Adelsheim brought in Dijon clones that did better
massale selection / clonal selection helped
63
Largest producers in WA?
Ste Michelle Wine Estates- around 60% of the state's output, and world's largest Riesling producer
also: Columbia Crest, Hogue Cellars, Hedges Family Estate, K Vintners, Gallo,
64
phylloxera in WA
almost non-existent- kept at bay by the severe winters, inhospitable sandy soils, and the great physical distances from one vineyard to the next
65
Yakima Fold Belt
much of WA's vineyard area- a series of east-west ridgelines going from 1000ft up to 40000 ft, formed during the Miocene period.
Valley floors, such as those in Yakima Valley and Walla Walla Valley, therefore tend to have greater frost pressure, wider diurnal temperature variations, and lower wintertime temperatures.
A move upward in elevation, past the 1,000-foot mark, has given vineyards a chance to go the distance—growing degree-day, temperature, and frost-free day averages all typically increase with elevation in eastern Washington
66
Columbia Valley elevation?
why is it important?
most of WA is planted on the Yakima Fold Belt- a series of ridges/anticlines. Vineyards planted under 1000 ft of elevation are more prone to frost, and get too cold in the winter (cold air sinks into the basins)
generally 700-800 ft
vineyards planted over 1000ft have a better chance- less frost, warmer temps, etc- protected during the brutal winter, despite being higher up
67
how do vines survive the winter in WA?
fruiting canes can be buried during the winter to protect them
also dual trunk training- two trunks planted side by side- statistically, both won't be damaged in the same winter. reduces risk of freeze damage by half in harsh winters
68
Steele Act
of 1934- established the Washington State Liquor Control Board to act as sole wholesaler of all wines and spirits. It later allowed private distribution of WA made wines. quality was not great. maintined it's monopoly until 1969
69
Pioneers of WA wine
Walter Clore- first planted experimental vinifera vines in 1940, finding sites where the vines could survive the winters
Associated Vintners (now Columbia Winery)- 1962
Andre Tchelistcheff- impressed with the AV, started American Wine Growers in the Puget Sound. this is now Ste Michelle
70
AVAs of the Columbia Valley
Columbia Valley (WA/OR),
Yakima Valley, including:
Rattlesnake Hills
Candy Mountain
Goose Gap
Red Mountain
Snipes Mountain
Walla Walla Valley (WA/OR)
The Rocks of Milton-Freewater (OR)
Horse Heaven Hills
Wahluke Slope
Lake Chelan
Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley
Naches Heights
Royal Slope
Rocky Reach
The Burn of Columbia Valley,
White Bluffs
Beverly, WA
71
Cold Creek Vineyard
Chateau Ste Michele's Cold Creek is one of the last sites outside of a nested AVA. Cold Creek Vineyard is located east of Yakima Valley, the 850-acre vineyard lies in one of the state’s warmest areas, and it is a flagship site in the company’s portfolio. It is also a historic site for the state: its oldest Cabernet Sauvignon vines date to 1973. (not the oldest in the state though)
72
WA's first Cabernet vines?
in Otis Vineyard, Yakima Valley. Planted in 1957
73
Snipes Mountain AVA
within Yakima Valley, Columbia Valley. oldest vinifera plantings in the state are here- William Bridgman’s small plot of 1917 Muscat of Alexandria vines, are located on the Upland Vineyards property on Snipes Mountain
min 750 ft, up to 1310 ft elevation
producer: Upland is the only one
74
Candy Mountain AVA
within Yakima Valley, Comubia Valley, WA
states smallest AVA with 72 acres
75
WA's recent AVAs (as of early 2025)
Beverly, WA, approved 2024
Rocky Reach, approved 2022
both in Columbia Valley AVA
76
WA Vinea
Washington Winegrowers’ Sustainable Trust, an organization committed to promoting sustainability—if not wholly organic practices—amongst its members. Vinea provides guidelines and guideposts to move toward sustainable, environmentally friendly practices in the vineyard, and the organization collaborates with Oregon’s LIVE (Low Input Viticulture and Enology) to conduct certification
77
Horse Heaven Hills
vineyards
in Columbia Valley- has about a quarter of the state's vineyards, but only a couple of producers are based here
vineyards
Champoux- Quilceda Creek, Andrew Will
Alder Ridge
Phinney Hill
Canoe Ridge (CSM red wine)
Benches - Longshadow Ranch
78
Walla Walla producers
Leonetti
Woodward Canyon
Cayuse
Pepper Bridge
Waters Winery
Grammercy Cellars
Va Piano
Rotie Cellars
Figgins Family
79
Wahluke Slope
in Columbia Valley, WA.
translates to "watering hole," but is driest AVA in the state with only 6 inches rainfall annually
region’s first commercial vineyard was Weinbau, planted in 1981 by Germany’s F.W. Langguth Erben, a company best known today for its “Blue Nun” brand
80
Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley
very dry, but cooler temps- its temperatures are moderated by a series of 35 glacial lakes that knife through the region.
white grapes are the focus here: Riesling is its most planted variety and white varieties altogether account for 80% of the region’s vines.
Milbrandt Vineyards is the AVA’s largest operation
81
Lake Chelan AVA
northernmost nest AVA in Columbia Valley
the lake is a glacial lake, cooling the surrounding area
Pinot Noir and Riesling
soil: Pumiceous gravely sandy loam- Missoula floods didn't reach here
82
only Columbia Valley NOT in Missoula Flood zone?
Lake Chelan AVA
83
WA AVAs not in Columbia Valley?
Columbia Gorge AVA
Puget Sound AVA
Lewis-Clark Valley AVA
84
Columbia Gorge AVA
shared b/t OR and WA, majority of area is in WA
vineyards: Atavus Vineyard, Celio Vineyard,
producers: Analemma, Hiyu Wine Farm
85
Puget Sound AVA
west of the Cascades in WA- coolest in state, with more rainfall. Was planted first, because irrigation isn't required. mostly white production
Pinot Noir, Riesling, Siegerrebe, Müller-Thurgau, Madeleine Angevine
producers: Bainbridge Island Vineyards, Bayernmoore, Vashon Winery, Ch. Ste Michelle
86
what mountains define the Columbia Gorge?
vineyards
producers
Mt. Hood, Mt. Adams - both part of the Cascade Range
Atavus Vineyard, Celio Vineyard
Analemma, Hiyu Wine Farm, Phelps Creek
note- OR holds the majority of plantings
87
Willamette Valley - northernmost and southernmost AVAs
north: Tualatin Hills
south: Lower Long Tom
88
most planted AVA of the Willamette?
Chehalem Mountains, around 2700 ha
89
Ponzi and Dion Vineyards recently championed which AVA?
Laurelwood District AVA
90
Yamhill Carlton AVA
producers
Elk Cove
Ken Wright
Tendril
Penner-Ash
Shea Vineyard
Soter
91
Dundee Hills AVA
producers
Abbey Ridge
Archery Summit
Argyle
Bergstrom
Cameron
Drouhin
Eyrie
Roco
Maresh Vineyard
Domaine Roy
Domaine Serene
Sokol Blosser
92
which AVA of the Willamette has the largest diurnal?
McMinnville AVA
- 200-1000 ft elevation
- in rain shadow of Coast Range = less cloud cover, warm days but cools quickly at night
- close to Van Duzer
- marine sediment/volcanic soils have low heat retention
93
Jerusalem Hill vineyard
where?
who?
Eola Amity Hills
Domaine Serene
94
Roserock Vineyard
where?
who?
Eola Amity Hills
Domaine Drouhin
95
Seven Springs Vineyard
where?
who?
Eola Amity Hills
Evening Land, Failla, Walter Scott
96
Temperence Hill Vineyard
where?
who?
Eola Ammity Hills
Elk Cove, Antica Terra, Walter Scott
97
which mountains form the umpqua and rogue valleys?
coastal
cascades
klamath
98
Oregon labelling rules:
state
county
AVA
vineyard
state - 100% from OR
county - 75%
AVA - 95%
vineyard - 95%
99
What disease are vines particularly susceptible to after a hard winter freeze?
Crown gall affliction
100
what elevation did the Missoula floods reach
1200 ft
the soils above that have more basalt
101
% rules for Washington wine labelling by place
95% must come from state
85% from county
85% if listed by AVA
95% for single vineyard
100% from estate if labeled "estate bottled," and must be from same AVA
102
WA labelling rules for vintage
AVA wines - 95%
WA state / county: 85%
