Italy: Southern, Sicily, Sardegna Flashcards
Who first manufactured Marsala?
English Port and Sherry merchant, John Woodhouse in 1773
Marsala updates 1984
The updated regulations limited the sourcing of grapes to the province of Trapani and restricted the use of mosto cotto (cooked must) and the addition of such flavorings as spices, fruit, and eggs.
The regulations also added the use of Damaschino, another high-yielding and low-alcohol white grape variety, and reinstated a version made with red grapes.
What is mosto cotto? Where is it allowed?
Cooked must- may be added in Marsala production to affect color and sweetness
The addition of cooked must is called concia
Only allowed for the lower quality ambra style.
What is sifone?
A mistele of unfermented must of overripe grapes + brandy, that may be added in Marsala production fo affect color and sweetness
Marsala DOC
styles
grapes
abv
province of Trapani, Sicily
Ambra
Oro (golden)
Rubino
ambra and oro: Grillo, Catarratto, Inzolia (Ansonica), and Damaschino
rubino: Perricone, Calabrese (Nero d’Avola), and Nerello Mascalese
Fine: min 17.5% abv after fortification
Superiore, Vergine, Solera, and Riserva styles: 18% (after fortification)
Marsala grapes
ambra and oro: Grillo, Catarratto, Inzolia (Ansonica), and Damaschino
rubino: Perricone, Calabrese (Nero d’Avola), and Nerello Mascalese
What are the levels of Marsala aging?
all Marsala must age in barrels of oak or cherry wood- 4 less months than total aging
1 year for Fine
2 years for Superiore
4 years for Superiore Riserva
5 years for Vergine
minimum 10 years for Vergine Stravecchio
Marsala ‘other’ labeling terms
Italy Particular (IP),
Superior Old Marsala (SOM),
London Particular (LP), and
Garibaldi Dolce (GD)
Marsala Vergine
“virgin” - A wine that has no additions other than grape spirit can be labeled Vergine; these must also be aged for a minimum of five years. If a Vergine is labeled Riserva or Stravecchio, at least 10 years of aging is required.
Marsala Perpetuum
Solera must be aged for a minimum of five years and does not carry a vintage date. If labeled Riserva or Stravecchio, at least 10 years of aging is required.
What is unique about the Marsala Vecchio Samperi?
Marco de Bartoli releases it as Vino, because it is unfortified, but it is aged for at least 5 years
What are the sweetness levels for Marsala?
secco indicates a maximum 40 g/L RS
semisecco indicates 40 to 100 g/l RS
dolce indicates a minimum 100 g/l RS
What separates Sicily from Calabria? What sea is to the north of Sicily?
The Strait of Messina
Tyrhhenian Sea
Sicily important white grapes
Catarratto*
Inzolia
Grecanico
Carricante
Grillo
Zibibbo (Muscat of Alexandria)
Malvasia
*most planted on island
Sicily important red grapes
Nero d’Avola (also called Calabrese)
Frappato
Perricone
Nerello Mascalese
Nerello Capuccio
What are the mountains on Sicily?
Sicilian Appennines
Hyblaen Mountains
Sicani Mountains
On which sides of Mount Etna are vineyards planted?
North, East and South.
What is the most planted grape on sicily? Which DOCs is it used in?
Catarratto
Alcamo Bianco DOC
Marsala DOC - in blends
lots of use for grape concentrate and distillation
Etna DOC
grapes
styles
aging
blanco min 60% Carricante
blanco superiore: min 80% Carricante
rosso min 80% Nerello Mascalese
Spumante (rosato or bianco)
minimum 80% Nerello Mascalese
maximum 20% other grapes suitable for cultivation in Sicilia
Rosso Riserva: wines must undergo a minimum 4 years aging from November 1 of the harvest year including 12 months in wood.
Nerello Mascalese focused DOCs Sicily
Etna DOC
Faro DOC - on the Northern Coast
Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG -
grapes
rivers
red only
50-70% Nero d’Avola (Calabrese)
30-50% Frappato
Classico Villages: Vittoria, Comiso, Acate, Chiaromonte Gulfi, Santa Croce Camerina, and portions of Niscemi, Gela, Caltagirone, and Licodia Eubea
in the plain between the Dirillo and Ippari Rivers
DOCG of Sicily
Cerasuolo di Vittoria
red only
50-70% Nero d’Avola (Calabrese)
30-50% Frappato
Sicily Dessert wine appellations
Marsala DOC
SE Sicily
Moscato di Noto
Moscato di Siracusa
Island off Northern Coast
Malvasia delle Lipari
Island off SW Coast
Moscato di Pantellaria
Pantellaria DOC
lots of grapes/styles, but the sweet Moscato di Pantelleria and Passito di Pantelleria are most well known. Moscato is lighter, fresher, less sweet
dried grapes are added to the must of fresh grapes (similar to Tokaj). Grapes are dried either outdoors in the sun in a walled area called a stenditoio, or in drying tunnels called serre, which intensify the heat and accelerate the pace of drying.
3 classes of grapes used:
- fresh harvested grapes
- passolata: grapes are semidried, with about 25%–40% of their juice as sugar
- passa Malaga grapes: fully dried raisins, reduced to only one-quarter of their original weight, with 55% of their syrup becoming sugar
Sardegna important grapes?
white: Vermentino
red: Cannonau (garnacha), Carignano
Why are spanish grapes dominant on Sardinia?
the Spanish kingdom of Aragon dominated until the early 1700s, for nearly 400 years
What is Sardinia’s sole DOCG? grapes and styles?
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG
white wine only, min 95% Vermentino
northern Sardinia
Nuragus di Cagliari DOC- where is this? grapes?
Southern Sardinia
white and Frizzante wines from majority Nuragus
tart appley wines
Cannonau di Sardegna DOC - where is it? grapes?
Covers entire island of Sardinia, min 85% Cannonau (grenache)
Communes of Production per subzone:
Classico: Provinces of Nuoro and Ogliastra
Oliena: Oliena, Orgosolo, Dorgali,
Capo Ferrato: Castiadas, Muravera, San Vito, Villaputzu, Villasimius
Jerzu: Jerzu, Cardedu
**Styles: **
Rosso
Rosato
Rosso Riserva
Passito
Liquoroso
Classico
Campania important DOC and DOCG
white: Greco di Tufo DOCG, Fiano di Avellino DOCG, Fallanghina del Sannio (DOC)
reds: Taurasi DOCG, Aglianico del Taburno DOCG
Puglia important grapes
Primitivo
Negroamaro
Nero de Troia
Basilicata important DOC/DOCG? soils?
Aglianico del Vulture DOC
Aglianico del Vulture Superiore DOCG
Volcanic- on slopes of Mount Vulture
Calabria red and white grapes? dOC for each?
red: gaglioppo- Ciro DOC, Melissa DOC
white: Greco- Melissa DOC, Greco di Bianco DOC, Ciro DOC
Aglianico del Vulture DOC
Aglianico del Vulture Superiore DOCG?
Basilicata
both 100% Aglianico
DOC is rosso + rosso spumante, reds may be released sept 1 year after harvest
DOCG rosso only, longer aging requirements
Aglianico del Vulture Superiore
abv
aging
climate
elevation
Vulture biotype. key towns: Barile, Venosa, and Maschito. cooler than Taurasi- the volcano Vulture blocks warm winds from north Africa, and it gets cool breezes off the Adriatic
min 13.5% abv
Superiore: 12 m barrel, 12 m bottle, not to be released before November 1 of the third year following the harvest
Riserva: 2 yr barrel and 12 m bottle, not to be released before November 1 of the fifth year following the harvest
vineyards must be planted from 200-700 m elevation
(Basilicata)
Describe the geography and climate of Basilicata
The mountainous terrain and harsh weather. Lots of sunshine throughout the growing season and cool temperatures around harvest.
Cool Balkan breezes, travelling across the Adriatic and Puglia, help moderate the temperatures. In addition, the Apennines create a barrier to the mild currents from the Tyrrhenian Sea to the west.
List 3 producers of Aglianico from Basilicata
Musto Carmelitano
Grifalco
Elena Fucci
What separates Calabria and Sicily?
The Straight of Messina
What are the 3 main peaks in Basilicata?
Monte Pollino at 2238m (7375ft),
Monte Sirino at 2005m (6578ft)
Monte Vulture at 1326m (4350ft) - extinct volcano
Ciro DOC - where is it? Grapes?
Calabria. White, Rose, Red
whites: Greco based
reds: gaglioppo based
Melissa DOC- where is it? Grapes?
Calabria. White, Red
whites: Greco based
reds: gaglioppo based
Greco di Bianco DOC? Where is it? Style and grapes?
Calabria
passito white wine from min 95% Greco Bianco. min 17% abv (14% acquired)
Name a producer from Calabria
Ceratti, Librandi, Odoardi, San Francesco, Santa Venere
Most Puglia wines are labelled with which two IGTs?
IGT Puglia
IGT Salento (peninsula that is the heel of Italy)
What are the main soil types in Calabria?
Clay, sand, marl
What are the main soil types in Puglia?
Sand, limestone, red volcanic
Name a producer from Puglia
Tormaresca (Antinori)
Gianfranco Fino
Matane
What is the most planted red grape in Puglia? in which DOCs does it feature?
Negroamaro
Salice Salentino DOC
Brindisi DOC
Copertino DOC
Squinzano DOC
DOC/G for Primitivo in Puglia?
Primitivo di Manduria DOC- min 85%, may no longer be fully sweet
Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale - 100% Primitivo, min 50 g/l rs, grapes may be dried
Gioia del Colle DOC - varietal Primitivo and blends
the grape does best in the central part of Puglia
Important red grapes of Puglia?
Negroamaro*(southern)
Nero (Uva) di Troia (northern)
Primitivo (central)
Malvasia Nero
Bambino Nero (northern)
trulli
historic buildings in Puglia - cone-shaped dwellings made of limestone, were present by the 14th or 15th century CE
Puglia Geography
Adriatic sea to east
Ionian sea to south
largely warm, flat, and fertile, Puglia has some cooler, higher-elevation areas, such as the Daunian mountains in the north.
Valleys are formed by rivers that rise in the Apennines and empty into the Adriatic Sea.
The Fortore River forms the border between Molise and Puglia in the north, and the Ofanto River borders the Murge plateau in central Puglia.
Castel del Monte
area of Puglia, named for the castle- it sits on a hill of the Alta Murgia, the highest part of the Murge plateau, in north-central Puglia, south of the Ofanto River.
main grape: Uva de Troia (Nero de Troia):
Castel del Monte Rosso Riserva DOCG min 65%
Castel del Monte Nero di Troia Riserva DOCG min 90%
Castel del Monte Bombino Nero DOCG- rose only from min 90% Bombino
Castel del Monte DOC- lots of grapes and styles
Where is Amaro Lucano made?
Basilicata
Where is Amaro dell’Abate made?
Calabria
Where is Vecchio Amaro dell Capo made?
Calabria
What is the capital of Campania?
Naples - Amalfi Coast is here. Salento is also here
List 3 producers of Taurasi
Mastroberardino, Terredora and Feudi di San Gregorio, Salvatore Molettieri
Taurasi DOCG
% grape
abv
aging
soil
vine training
Campania, in province of Avellino, an area known as Irpinia. biotype is Aglianico Taurasi
min 85% Aglianico
Taurasi: 12%
Riserva: 12.5%
Taurasi: Minimum 3 years from December 1 of the harvest year, including at least one year in wood
Riserva: Minimum 4 years from December 1 of the harvest year, including at least 18 months in wood
volcanic soils kept off pylloxera until 1930s, and there are still some 200+ yr old vines- possibly oldest in Italy
Cordon spur and Guyot training are common, although the old methods, such as alberata training of vines to live trees, are still used as well.
Taurasi geography
hilly terrain
bisected by the Calore River,
wide diurnal temperature variations, warm summers, and cold winters with heavy snowfall.
Most vines are planted between 300 and 600 meters (980 and 1,970 feet) above sea level, although some are at nearly 800 meters (2,620 feet) in elevation.
volcanic and clay soils
alberata
training of vines to live trees (Campania)
Falerno del Massico - where is it? Grapes and styles allowed?
Campania
whites: greco based
reds: min 60% aglianico, with piedirosso
+ varietal primitivo
Greco di Tufo DOCG- grapes and styles?
min 85% greco
max 15% coda di volpe
bianco and bianco spumante
Campania
What is coda di volpe?
italian white grape, grown in Campania. “tail of the fox,” named for it’s long, pendulous bunches of grapes, which resemble a fox’s bushy tail
Which DOC may label Lacryma Christi? Where is this from?
Vesuvio DOC, in Campania. Grapes on slopes of Mt. Vesuvius
White Lacryma Christi is made mainly from Verdeca and Coda di Volpe, with smaller proportions of Falanghina, Caprettone and Greco di Tufo included. Red Lacryma Christi is made from Piedirosso and Aglianico.
Carricante
derives its name from caricare, “to load”—as in loading up a cart or donkey with a large volume of grapes
high acid, low alcohol, can have TDN aromas. often harvested later to soften acidity, and malo used as well
Cataratto
named for the cataracts (waterfalls) of wine it produces- very productive grape, grown on Sicily. used in both Marsala and Etna Bianco
two main biotypes: Catarratto Bianco Comune has higher sugar and lower acidity, and Catarratto Bianco Lucido has more-compact bunches and can be more refined.
Falanghina
two main biotypes, usually co-planted in vineyards:
Falanghina Beneventana, which has more structure, alcohol, and floral character; and Falanghina Flegrea, which has fruitier flavors of peach, yellow apple, cherry pit, and apricot.
naturally high acidity
Fiano
Fiano was nearly extinct in the 1940s when it was revived by the work of the Mastroberardino estate.
Fiano is late ripening and low yielding, and its thick skins can withstand rot and moisture in the cooler and rainier parts of Campania.
Grillo
Catarratto Bianco Lucido x Zibibbo
two main biotypes: Grillo Vecchio and Grillo Nuovo
Nerello Mascalese
Sangiovese x Mantonico Bianco
very vigorous- alberello (bush training) can help limit this
Alberello
bush trained vines
Sicily
Nero d’Avola
aka Calabrese
buds early, late ripening, very well suited to heat- retains acidity well.
lots of color
Frappato
VERY late ripening, does best on high elevation sites of Etna
prone to reduction- requires oxygen to be introduced
Primitivo synonyms
Zinfandel
Crljenak Kaštelanski - Croatia
Tribidrag - Croatia
dolia
large terra-cotta jars for fermentation
Aglianicco del Taburno DOCG
grape %
soil
abv
aging
Campania, on eastern side of Mt. Taburno. limestone soils, cooler than Taurasi. biotype is Aglianico Amaro- named for it’s high acid
min 85% Aglianico
Rosato and Rosso: 12%
Rosso Riserva: 13%
Aging Requirements:
Rosato: May not be released prior to March 1 of the year following the harvest
Rosso: Min 2 years from November 1 of the harvest year
Rosso Riserva: Min. 3 years from November 1 of the harvest year, including at least 1 year in wood and 6 months in bottle
Fiano di Avellino DOCG
grape %
soil
elevation
rivers
Avellino was historically known as Irpinia. Sabato and Calore River valleys and the foothills of Mount Partenio, in the Apennines. 300-650 m elevation
min 85% Fiano, with Coda di Volpe, Greco, and/or Trebbiano Toscano
soils: calcareous clay, some volcanic
notable crus: Lapio and Candida in the east, Montefredane in the north, and Summonte in the northwest
Greco di Tufo DOCG
% grape
style
communes
soils
river
in Campania, in the Avellino province. Covers 8 communes on the Sabato river. highly regarded communes: Santa Paolina and Montefusco
still and sparkling wines made with a minimum of 85% Greco and the remainder Coda di Volpe
soils: volcanic with alluvial deposits
Vesuvio DOC
in Campania
white: min 45% Coda di Volpe and/or Caprettone and may also include Falanghina, Greco, and others
red and rosato: min 50% Piedirosso; can also include Aglianico, Olivella, Sciascinoso, and others.
The white, red, rosato, and spumante wines may be labeled Lacryma Christi del Vesuvio if they have a higher minimum 12% ABV.
Palmenti
Prior to the 20th century, stone fermentation buildings called palmenti were often housed in Sicily’s large farm complexes.
allophane
a clay mineral derived from volcanic cinders, which has cation-exchange properties that are essential for plant growth and help rocks break down more quickly into fertile soil. These clays also store water that vines can access during summer droughts.
Eloro DOC
red blends and varietal wines made of Nero d’Avola, Frappato, and Pignatello (Perricone).
Its official subzone, Pachino, is considered a grand cru for Nero d’Avola, and red wines labeled Eloro Pachino require a minimum of 80% Nero d’Avola
notable contrade: Baroni, Bufaleffi, Maccari, and San Lorenzo
List the DOC of Molise
Biferno DOC
Molise DOC
Pentro di Isernia DOC
Tintilia del Molise DOC
Signature grape of Molise
Tintillia del Molise
tinto (dyed) - named for its deep color
most wine is table wine- only around 7% of production is DOC level
Biferno DOC
grapes / styles
Molise
blanco: 70-80% Trebbiano Toscano
rosso: 70-80% Montepulciano, 10-20% Aglianico
Tintilia del Molise DOC
rosso and rosato from min 95% Tintilia
min elevation 200 m
Producers Molise
Claudio Cipressi
Di Majo Norante
