South Africa Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
When were vines first planted in South Africa?
A
1652
2
Q
what contributed to the decline of South Africa’s wine industry in the 1800s?
A
Late 1800s:
Powdery Mildew
Phylloxera
England ended preferential tariffs for South Africa, and entered a treaty with France, lowering tarrifs on french wines. poor quality cape wines couldn’t compete with french wines
Ocean transport was expensive
Root louse
3
Q
KWV
A
Ko-operatieve Winjbouwers Vereniging van Zuid-Afrika est 1918
a co-op of producers and growers. fixed minimum prices, determined areas of production, made production limits. originally state run, it was privatized after the end of Apartheid in 1997
4
Q
When was South Africa’s WO scheme introduced?
A
1973
5
Q
when was Apartheid in South Africa?
A
1948 - 1994
6
Q
Requirements for WO labeled wines (South Africa)?
A
attaining a WO certification is VOLUNTARY, but is necessary for producers who want to list vintage, grape, or area of production
Requirements
- must submit to tasting panel for evaluation
- wine must contain 85% of stated grape & vintage
- wine must contain 100% of grapes from stated area of production
- may state vineyard if it’s less than 6ha
7
Q
List South Africa’s geographical units of production:
A
Western Cape
Northern Cape
Eastern Cape
Kwazulu-Natal
Limpopo
Free State
8
Q
What is the one ward of Free State?
A
Rietriever FS
9
Q
Kwazulu-Natal
districts
A
In South Africa, on the eastern Coast. It is a geographical unit, and has two districts:
Central Drakensburg
Lions River
10
Q
Eastern Cape
A
Geographical unit of South Africa, on the south eastern coast. Kwazulu Natal to NE, Western Cape to SW.
St Francis Bay - sole ward, no districts or rebion
11
Q
Hanepoot
A
synonym for Muscat of Alexandria in South Africa
12
Q
what is Jerepigo?
A
vin de liqueur made from Hanepoot (Muscat of Alexandria)
13
Q
Hanepoot vs Muscadel
A
Hanepoot is south african synonym for muscat of Alexandria
Muscadel is south african synonym for muscat blanc a petit grains
14
Q
Muscat de Frontignan
A
synonym for Muscat Blanc a Petit Grains (SA)
also called Muscadel
15
Q
List the WO regions of the Western Cape
A
Coastal Region
Cape South Coast
Breede River Valley
Klein Karoo
Olifants River
former: Boberg River Region: formerly fortified wines from the districts of Paarl, Franschhoek, Wellington and Tulbagh; repealed in 2019
16
Q
List the districts within the Coastal Region (South Africa)
A
Cape Town
Stellenbosch
Paarl
Swartland, Tulbagh, Wellington, Darling, Frankshoek, Lutzville Valley
17
Q
Cape South Coast
districts
A
WO Region in Western Cape
Districts: Walker Bay, Elgin, Cape Agulhas, Overberg, Plettenberg Bay, Swellendam, Lower Dolvenhoks River
most of this area wasn’t allowed to be planted until the KWV abolished their quota system in 1992- lots of “newer” producers here.
18
Q
Breede River Valley
districts
A
WO region in Western Cape
Districts: Robertson, Worcester, Breedekloof
lots of large producers and co-ops, lots of grapes for brandy
19
Q
Breede River Valley
describe geography
A
separated from the coast by mountains- hotter and drier climate. most vineyards planted on the valley floor on loam and sand soils.
WO region in the Western Cape, SA
20
Q
Cape Town
wards
A
District in Coastal Region, Western Cape. Was previously two districts- Cape Peninsula and Tygerberg, but they were united in 2017.
Wards: Constantia, Hout Bay, Durbanville, Philadelphia
21
Q
Cape Town
soils
A
granite and sandstone for former Cape Peninsula, greywacke and phyllite shales for former Tygerberg
22
Q
Cape Town
grapes, styles
A
White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling, Sémillon, Chenin Blanc
Red: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Shiraz, Pinotage
Vin de Constance (Constantia): Muscat de Frontignan
Sparkling wines
23
Q
Cape Town key producers
A
Constantia - Groot Constantia, Klein Constantia, Constantia Uitsig, Steenberg, Buitenverwachting
Altydgedacht, Durbanville Hills
24
Q
Walker Bay
wards
A
District in Cape South Coast, Western Cape
Wards: Hemel-en-Aarde Valley (lowest of the 3), Bot River, Hemel-en-Aarde Ridge (highest at 400m), Upper Hemel-en-Aarde
25
Walker Bay
grapes
Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Semillon, Pinot Noir, Shiraz, Pinotage, Mourvèdre
26
Walker Bay
producers
Hamilton Russell, Bouchard-Finlayson, Gabrielskloof, Beaumont
27
Walker Bay
soil
geography
soils: shale, granite, and sandstone
very coastal, lots of rain and mist.
28
Stellenbosch
producers
Warwick Estate
Meerlust
Rust en Vrede
Neil Ellis
Kanonkop
Capensis
29
Trilogy
who / what
made by Warwick Estate, in Stellenbosch
Cabernet based blend
30
Rubicon
who / what
made by Meerlust, in Stellenbosch
Cabernet based blend
31
What is the most planted white grape in Stellenbosch?
Sauvignon blanc
32
What body of water separates Cape Town and Stellenbosch?
False Bay
33
What mountain separates Stellenbosch from Paarl?
Simonsberg
34
Paarl
producers
Nederburg. Botrytis affected dessert wines.
Vilafonté, Backsburg
35
Which region in the Western Cape leads in production?
Breede River Valley - approx 20% of the country's vineyards are here
36
What styles of wine are made in Robertson (South Africa)?
(Breede River Valley, Western Cape)
over 25% of the country's Chardonnay
MCC
quality red wines from Shiraz and Cabernet
37
What style of wine is Klein Karoo known for?
(Western Cape)
Jerepigo,
Muscadel
fortified and dessert styles
Karoo red shale, fertile alluvlal soils
38
Notable soil types in Cape Town & Stellenbosch?
decomposed granite- very old soils.
sandstone
39
What is the climate of Stellenbosch?
Maritime. comparable to Bordeaux but warmer
40
What is Vredendal? Where is it located?
South Africa's largest co-op winery. in Olifants River (Western Cape)
41
Where is Hamilton Russel based?
Hamilton Russel- in Hemel-en-Aarde ward, Cape South Coast.
known for Pinot Noir and Chardonnay
42
Cape Riesling vs Weisser Riesling
Cape Riesling isn't riesling- it's actually Crouchen, a grape from the Pyrenees
Weisser Riesling is Riesling
43
Klein Karoo Region
districts
(WO Area in Western Cape)
Calitzdorp
Langeberg-Garcia
44
Olifants River Region
districts
WO Area in Western Cape- up the atlantic coast, north of Swartland.
Districts: Citrusdal Mountain, Citrusdal Valley
Olifants River wards with no district: Spruitdrift, Vredendal
hot and dry.
Chenin Blanc and Colombard lead plantings.
45
Stellenbosch
notable wards
District within Coastal Region, Western Cape, SA
Devon Valley,
Papegaaiberg,
Junkershoek,
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
46
Geographical features of Stellenbosch?
False Bay, Simonsberg, Stellenbosch, and Helderberg Mountains
(District within Coastal Region, Western Cape, SA)
47
Paarl
wards
District in Coastal Region, Western Cape
wards: Simonsberg-Paarl, Agter-Paarl, Voor-Paardeberg
48
Paarl
soils
soils: Sandstone, granite, weathered shale
49
Paarl
grapes, styles
White: Chenin Blanc (2,743 ha), Chardonnay (1,208 ha), Sauvignon Blanc (929 ha)
Red: Cabernet Sauvignon (2,326 ha), Shiraz (2,123 ha), Pinotage (1,304 ha), Merlot (1,012 ha)
Sparkling
Fortified, Botrytis-affected Dessert Wines
50
Important geographical features of Paarl?
Berg River, Hawequa Mountains, Simonsberg Mountain, Paarl Rock, Boland Mountains to east
(in Coastal Region, Western Cape, SA)
51
WO under which a wine that sources from both Paarl and Stellenbosch could be labeled?
Simonsberg
52
What is berg in south african?
Mountain
53
What do Groot and Klein mean?
Groot = big
Klein = little
54
What does Kloof mean?
valley / canyon
55
What is the minimum age of heritage vines in South Africa?
35 years
56
What is the Old Vine Project? Who founded it?
A South African organization that works to raise awareness of the special qualities of old vine fruit and raise prices to incentivize growers to keep these vines.
Certified Vineyard Heritage Site seal is allowed for vineyards over 35 years old
founded by viticulturist Rosa Kruger in 2002
57
Requirements to use OVP and Heritage Vineyard Seal on South African wine?
Must identify the planting date of the vineyard from which the wine was made. The vineyards are verified from South African Wine Industry Information Systems’s (SAWIS) extraordinary vineyard database
vineyards min 35 years old
58
MCC
grapes
aging
sweetness levels
Méthode Cap Classique. Traditional method sparling wine from South Africa
Legally regulated since 1992
Simonsig was first producer to use the "Champagne method"
Can be made from any variety, from any region
Must undergo secondary fermentation in bottle
12 months lees aging required
Dosage requirements for labeling:
Brut: Less than 12 g/L
Extra Brut: Less than 6 g/L
Brut Nature: Less than 3 g/L
59
Cape Agulhas
ward
grapes
producers
Agulhas DIstrict, Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape
One ward: Elim
Sauvignon Blanc, Semillon, Shiraz
Key Producers: Strandveld, Black Oystercatcher, The Berrio, Quoin Rock, and Zoetendal
60
Cape Agulhas
climate
soil
Cape Agulhas is coldest wine producing region of South Africa
Soil: layered shales and iron-rich koffieklip, or “coffee stone,” soils, also known as ferricrete
Major Natural Features: Atlantic and Indian Oceans
61
Elgin
where?
grapes
District in Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape
White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Riesling
Red: Pinot Noir, Merlot
62
Elgin
producers
Producers: Iona Vineyards, Paul Cluver, Oak Valley, Kershaw
63
Elgin
geography
soil
Natural Features: Hottentots-Holland Mountains (separates it from Stellenbosch), Atlantic Ocean
Soil: decomposed sandstone and shale
64
Greyton
ward in Overberg, Cape South Coast, Western Cape.
notable b/c it is a ward drawn specifically for a single producer- Lismore
65
Lower Duivenhoks River
where?
District in Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape
66
Overberg
where?
grapes
District in Cape South Coast Region, Western Cape.
Named because it is "over the mountains" from Cape Town (Hottentots-Holland Mountains)
White: Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Sémillon
Red: Pinot Noir, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot
Mountainous- some vineyards up to 700m.
67
Overberg
producers
Lismore, Richard Kershaw
68
Overberg
wards
Greyton, Klein River
69
benefits of wine co-ops?
they can be helpful in times of economic downturn- centralizing production, resources, and providing a stable income for farmers
70
Timothy Hamilton Russel
South African wine grower. He illegally planted vineyards in Hemel-en-Aarde without a quota (government permission). The wines were great though, and after some pressure the KWV began allowing the sale of unused quotas, in turn allowing new wine regions to be developed
71
KWV quotas
essentially issued as "permission" to farm certain land given out by the KWV in the 1960s and 70s. They heavily favored current land-owners, which basically halted the development of any new wine regions.
72
VinPro
non-profit advisory agency for the South African wine industry
73
South Africa- general climate & influencing factors
generally Mediterranean
Benguela Current- cool ocean breezes up from Antarctica
Cape Doctor- very strong wind from the SE. It can disrupt fruit set, but also wards off disease and pests
74
South Africa soils
unique- they have been geologically stable for centuries! not disturbed by glacial, volcanic, or earthquakes
generally granite topped with sandstone
and quartz, slate, shale
75
most planted white grapes South Africa
1. Chenin Blanc
2. Colombard
3. Sauvignon
4. Chardonnay
also: Hanepoot (M of Alex.), Semillon, Muscadel (M. Blanc a Petit Grains)
76
MCC
Méthode Cap Classique
traditional method sparkling wine from South Africa
any grapes from any region allowed
must spend 12 months on lees
brut: up to 12 g/l
extra brut: up to 6 g/l
brut nature: up to 3 g/l
77
Greengrape
original name for Semillon in South Africa
78
Most planted red grapes South Africa
Cabernet Sauvignon
Shiraz
Pinotage
Pinot Noir
79
Pinotage
cross of Pinot Noir and Cinsault
created in 1924 by Dr. Abraham Izak Perold, a professor at the University of Stellenbosch
80
% of grape to label South Africa
85%
if labelling multiple- must label everything in the blend, unless two or more combine to form over 85% of the blend
81
% of vintage to label South Africa
85%
82
% of area to label South Africa
100%
wines from two wards within same district- labelled with district
wines from two districts same region - labelled with region
wines from two regions- labelled with the larger geographical unit (i.e. Western Cape), OR
Cape Coastal- for wines blended from Cape South Coast and Coastal Region
83
Cape West Coast
new subregion approved in 2020- identifies areas more "coastal" in character. includes districts of Darling, Lutzville Valley, western half of Swartland, plus the wards of Groenkloof, St Helena Bay, Lamberts Bay, Bamboes Bay, Koekenaap.
84
Stellenbosch
where
grapes
district in the Coastal Region, Western Cape
Sauv Blanc, Chenin, Cabernet, Shiraz
85
Stellenbosch
producers
Capensis (Jackson Family),
Kanonkop,
Meerlust,
Neil Ellis,
Rust en Vrede,
Warwick Estate
86
Stellenbosch
soils
granite and limestone
87
Cape Town
wards
grapes
district in the Coastal Region, Western Cape
wards: Constantia, Hout Bay, Durbanville, Philadelphia
Sauv Blanc, Chard, Cabernet, Merlot
88
Breedekloof
wards
grapes
District within Breede River Valley, Western Cape
mostly white wines- majority Chenin Blanc.
Wards: Goudini, Slanghoek
89
Robertson District
where
climate / soil
District in Breede River Valley, Western Cape
Coolest district in Breede River Valley, and large pockets of limestone = lots of chardonnay, MCC
90
Robertson District
wards
14 total
Ashton, Bonnievale, Goree
91
Worcester District
where?
climate
District in Breede River Valley, Western Cape
Largest in area, but not plantings. Furthest inland, so hottest. also has frost risk
92
Swellendam District
where
wards
grapes
District in Cape South Coast, Western Cape
Wards: Buffeljags, Malgas, Stormsvlei
Rousanne, GSM
93
Swellendam District
producer
Sjinn (pronounced "sane")
94
Swellendam District
soils
Bokkeveld shale, sandstone
95
Malgas
where
grapes
producer
ward in Swellendam District, Cape South Coast, Western Cape
notable b/c ward was drawn specifically for one producer- Sjinn
soils here are very stony/ rocky, similar to CDP. thus Rousanne, GSM planted
96
Constantia- when was it founded? what did it split into?
most important ward of Cape Town, Coastal Region, Western Cape.
The original Constantia farm was registered in 1685, making it one of the first commercial wine endeavors not only in South Africa but in the whole of the so-called New World. It was established by Simon van der Stel, whose sweet “governor’s wine” was the first critically acclaimed wine from South Africa.
When van der Stel died in 1712, his estate was subdivided into three parts: Groot and Klein Constantia (“big” and “little,” respectively) and Bergvliet
97
Franschhoek Valley
where
grapes
"french quarter" in Afrikaans, District in Coastal Region, Western Cape
known for old vine semillon, but also chardonnay, cabernet, sauvignon blanc
La Colline vineyard is here
98
Franschhoek
geographical features
Franschhoek, Drakenstein, and Wemmershoek Mountains, Berg River
99
SIP
Swartland Independant Producers - an association of producers in Swartland, South Afria.
Wines that carry the below logo must be grown, vinified, matured and bottled entirely within the Swartland WO.
Swartland Independent Producers must bottle at least 80% of their production under their own labels.
SIP wines are fermented entirely with ambient yeasts. Yeast nutrients are prohibited.
SIP wines are not acidulated, nor do they contain added tannin.
SIP wines may not be chemically fined, nor may they undergo any concentration processes (reverse osmosis, etc.)
SIP wines contain a minimum 90% of the following varieties:
Red: Syrah, Mourvèdre, Grenache Noir, Carignan, Cinsaut, Tinta Barocca, Pinotage
White: Chenin Blanc, Grenache Blanc, Marsanne, Roussanne, Viognier, Clairette Blanche, Palomino (Fransdruif/Vaalblaar), Semillon (Groendruif), Muscat Alexandrie, Muscat d’Frontignan, Colombard, and Verdelho.
Wines may be aged in only European oak, with a maximum 25% new oak authorized.
Wines must be bottled in a Burgundy-shaped bottle
100
Who were original producers of SIP? what was their goal?
Eben Sadie, Adi Badenhorst, Mullineux family
build a regional identity and minimal adjustments in the cellar
101
Swartland
where?
wards
District in Coastal Region, Western Cape, South Africa
wards: Malmesbury, Paardeberg,
102
Swartland
producers
Sadie Family Wines, A.A. Badenhorst Family Wines, Mullineux
103
Swartland
soil
climate
vine training
soils: Malmesbury Shale, sandy granitic soils, gravel
climate: hot and dry- wide spaced, head-trained bush vines that can be dry-farmed dominate.
104
Wellington
where?
wards
District in Coastal Region, Western Cape, South Africa. Was previously a ward of Paarl, and elevated in 2010
wards: Blouvlei, Bovlei, Groenberg, Limietberg, Mid-Berg River
Chenin, Syrah, Pinotage, Grehache, Carignan
105
Wellington
soils
shale, granite, sandstone
in Coastal Region, Western Cape
106
Klein Karoo
districts
soil
WO area in Western Cape South Africa. translates roughly to "dry and thirsty land" - sheltered by mountains, it is an east-west running valley
mostly shale soils
districts: Kalitzdorp, Langeberg-Garcia
107
South Africa's max. size for single vineyard WO bottling?
Max. 6 ha, from a single variety
108
SAWIS
South African Wine Industry Information System
Regulatory and statutory oversight- oversees WO
109
IPW
Integrated Production of Wine Scheme, South Africa. aimed at sustainable practices
110
Platter’s South African Wine Guide
most important publication for wine reviews in South Africa, launched in 1980
111
Simonsig Kaapse Vonkel
South Africa's first sparkling wine, released in 1973
112
slate vs shale - whats the difference?
shale is sedimentary
slate is a metamorphic rock that started as shale and was exposed to pressure
113
where is Sauvignon Blanc grown in South Africa?
grown in nearly every appellation, but around a third of it is in Stellenbosh
its also the most planted grape of Constantia
114
south africa viticultural challenges
water shortages,
virus problems such as leafroll,
poor clonal and rootstock material
115
When was the WO system implemented?
1972
administered by the Wine & Spirit Board
guarantees vintage, varietal, origin
1973 - UK enters the EEC
116
Fruit from the Coastal Region and Cape South Coast can be designated under the WO ____
Cape Coastal
117
top producers of Pinotage
Kanonkop,
Simonsig,
Chamonix,
DeMorgenzon,
Delaire Graf,
Reyneke (biodynamic),
Fairview,
Meerlust
118
Stellenbosch bordeaux blend producers
Kanonkop,
Rustenberg,
Warwick,
Meerlust,
Neil Ellis
119
mountain range separating Stellenbosch from Walker Bay
Hottentot Hollands
120
What river flows through Stellenbosch?
Eerste River
121
Bay south of Stellenbosch?
False Bay
122
Notable Pinot Noir from Stellenbosch?
from Paarl?
L'Avenir
Glen Carlou
123
what river flows through Paarl?
Berg River
124
what kind of wine is Franshhoek known for?
old-vine Semillon
Cap Classique
Bold Reds
125
Who makes Vin de Constance?
what is it
grape
Klein Constantia
naturally sweet muscat
picked in tries
aged 3 years in oak
Muscat de Frontignan
126
Who makes Grand Constance?
Groot Constantia
127
Graham Beck
Robertson, Breede River Valley Region
MCC
128
what is koffieklip
Shales cemented by iron-oxide
found in Cape Agulhas (Cape South Coast)
129
districts of Coastal Region formerly part of Paarl?
Wllington
Franshhoek
130
districts of Cape South Coast formerly part of Overberg?
Elgin
Walker Bay
131
Cape Ruby
fortified, port style wine from south africa. aged 6 months to 3 years
not tied to any particular area, but Klein Karoo is known for it
132
Cape Vintage
port style wine from south africa, aged min 1 year, must be sold in glass
133
Cape LBV
min 85% from single vintage, aged for at least 3 years
134
what are sun wines
south africa - made from white-wine varieties and exhibit a maderised character, pale gold to deep gold in colour.
135
Agrafe / Agraffe
(south africa)
sparkling wine undergoes bottle fermentation under cork rather than the usual metal crown cap
136
MCC producers
Graham Beck,
Simonsig,
Colmant (Franschoek),
Le Lude (Franshoek),
Charles Fox,
Waterkloof,
Cederberg
137
what is fynbos?
garrigue - South Africa
138
original name for Cinsault in South Africa?
Hermitage
139
Columella - who / what?
Sadie
SYRAH / MOURVEDRE
Swartland
2000 inaugural vintage
140
FMC - who / what?
Ken Forrester
steen
Fucking Magical Chenin
141
First botrytis dessert wine produced in SA
Nederberg Edelkeur in 1969
142
what is white rust?
name for powdery mildew
143
Pofadder - what / who?
Sadie
CINSAUT syrah
Swartland
144
Radio Lazarus - who / what?
Alheit
85 yr Chenin
Stellenbosch (Alheit based in Hermanus)
145
Cuvée Clive - who / what?
Graham Beck
100% CH
5 years sur lie
146
Paul Sauer - who / what?
Kanonkop
LB BDX
Stellenbosch
147
Hope Marguerite - who/ what?
Beaumont
Chenin Blanc
Bot River
148
Crystallum - where?
Walker Bay. Chard and Pinot Noir. founded by sons of Peter Finlayson
149
Ceres Plateau - where?
a District of the Western Cape not in any region. very hot but high elevation - 850m.
150
important wine auctions South Africa
Cape Fine & Rare Wine Auction (formerly Nederberg Auction) - held in Paarl
IPW’s Annual Auction - debuted 1985. Somewhat likes Hospices de Beaune
