organelles Flashcards
what is the function of the nucleus?
nuclear envelope- double membrane that surrounds the nucleus which controls what enters and leaves the cell.
nuclear pores- allows a passage for larger molecules, like RNA.
nucleoplasm- granular jelly like material that makes up the nucleus.
chromosomes- DNA
nucleolus- manufactures ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes
what is the function of the mitochondrion?
cristae- extensions of the inner membrane and increase the surface area for attachment of enzymes and other proteins involved in respiration
matrix- contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA that allows the mitochondria to control the production of their own proteins. enzymes for respiration are stored here
what is the function of the chloroplasts?
chloroplast envelope- double plasma membrane that surrounds the organelle that is selective about what it allows into and out of the cell
grana- stacks of disc structures called thylakoids.
thylakoids- contains chlorophyll for the first stage of photosynthesis (light absorption)
stroma- for the second stage of photosynthesis (synthesis of sugars). the fluid processes all enzymes needed to make sugars
what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
has ribosomes on the outside, which provide a large surface area for protein synthesis. it provides a pathway for the transport of materials throughout the cell
what is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
synthesises, stores and transports both lipids and carbohydrates
what is the function of the golgi apparatus?
consists of flattened sacs called cisternae with rounded hollow structures called vesicles
proteins made by the endoplasmic reticulum are passed through here and non-protein components (eg, carbohydrates). proteins are labelled to ensure theyre delivered to the correct location.
Carbs added to form glycoproteins. Secretory enzymes produced, secretes carbs, forms lysosomes. Transports, modify and stores lipids
What is the function of the lysosomes?
Contains lysozymes that hydrolyse the cell walls of certain bacteria, digest worn out organelles so useful chemicals can be reused. They completely break down cells after they’ve died (autolysis)
What is the function of ribosomes?
Small cytoplasmic granules for protein synthesis. 80S- eukaryotic cells, 25nm in diameter.
70S- prokaryotic cells
What is the function of the cell wall?
Consists of microfibrils of polysaccharide cellulose. Middle lamella) marks the boundary between adjacent cell walls.
Provides mechanical strength to prevent cell bursting under pressure created by osmosis
What is the function of the vacuole?
Tonoplast) single membrane around the vacuole.
Contains a solution of mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and dyes. They support herbaceous plants by making cells turgid. Sugar and amino acid can be used as a food source. Contains pigments to attract pollinators
what are algae plant walls made from?
cellulose or glycoproteins
what are fungi plant walls made from?
made up of a mixture of nitrogen containing polysaccharides called chitin, a polysaccharide called glycan and glycoproteins
whats the function of the cell surface membrane?
controls what enters and leaves the cell
