Complete Combustion of alkanes
Produces carbon dioxide and water
Incomplete combustion of alkanes
Produces carbon dioxide, water and carbon monoxide
Reaction of alkanes with Chlorine
Free Radical Substitution Mechanism -
Initiation: Cl2–>Cl. + Cl.
Propagation: Cl. + C2H6 –> C2H5. + HCl
C2H5. + Cl2 —> C2H5Cl + Cl.
Termination: Cl. + Cl. —> Cl2
C2H5. + Cl. —> C2H5Cl
Addition of hydrogen to Alkenes with a Nickel Catalyst
(150 degrees C) Produces Alkanes.
Addition of halogens to Alkenes (ethene)
Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
C2H4 + Cl2 —> C2H4Cl2
Addition of hydrogen halides to Alkenes (ethene)
Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
C2H4 + HCl —> C2H5Cl
Addition of hyrdogen halides to propene
Unsymmetrical Electrophilic Addition Mechanism
TWO PRODUCTS
C3H6 + HCl —> C3H7Cl (1-chloropropane)
OR
C2H4 + HCl —> C2H5Cl (2-chloropropane) - more likely
Oxidation of Alkenes using potassium manganate
C2H4 + [O] (+ sulphuric acid) —> C2H6O2 (Diol)
Reaction with Bromine Water
C2H4 + BrOH —> C2H5BrO (bromoethanol)
Addition polymerisation of Alkenes
Double bond of alkene broken, only 2 carbons in the backbone, any other alkyl groups go above or below, brackets round repeating unit and bonds from each carbon go through their respective bracket.
Combustion of Alcohols
C2H6O + 302 —> 2CO2 + 3H20
Reaction of Alcohols with Sodium
C2H6O + 2Na —> C2H5O-Na+ (ionic sodium ethoxide) + H2
Substitution of Alcohols to form halogenoalkanes
Tertiary: C2H60 + HCl —> C2H5Cl + H20
Primary and Secondary: C2H60 + PBr3 —> 3C2H5Br + H3PO3
Oxidation of primary Alcohols to form aldehydes and carboxylic acid.
Distillation:
C2H6O + [O] + H2SO4 —> C2H4O (Ethanal) + H2O
Reflux:
C2H60 + [O] + H2SO4 —> C2H402 + H20
Oxidation of secondary alcohols to form Ketones
C3H8O + [O] + H2SO4 —> C3H6O + H2O
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes with aqueous alkali
Nucleophillic Substitution Mechanism:
C2H5Cl + OH (aqueous) —> C2H6O
Reaction of halogenoalkanes with alcoholic alkali
Elimination Mechanism:
C2H5Cl + OH (alcoholic) —> C2H4 + H20 + :Cl-
Reaction of halogenoalkanes with aqueous silver nitrate solution
Chloro - White precipitate
Bromo - Creme precipitate
Iodo - Yellow precipitate
The reaction of halogenoalkanes with alcoholic ammonia
Nucleophilic Substitution Mechanism
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Produces Amines (C2H7N
Reflux)
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