Organic Synthesis Flashcards by Liam Doyle

Q

Nitriles to carboxylic acids?

A

dilute HCl.

Reflux.

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Q

Carboxylic acids to acid chlorides?

A

PCl₅.

r.t.

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Q

Acid chlorides to carboxylic acids?

A

H₂O.

r.t.

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Q

Acid chlorides to amides?

A

NH₃.

r.t.

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Q

Acid chlorides to N-substituted amides?

A

Amine.

r.t.

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Q

Acid chlorides to esters?

A

H₂O.

r.t.

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Q

Esters to carboxylic acids?

A

Dilute H₂SO₄ or NaOH.

Reflux.

Then H⁺.

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Q

Carboxylic acids to esters?

A

Concⁿ H₂SO₄ in alcohol.

Reflux.

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Q

Esters to alcohols?

A

Dilute H₂SO₄ or NaOH.

Reflux.

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Q

Alcohols to esters?

A

**Concⁿ H₂SO₄ **& carboxylic acid.

Reflux.

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Q

Alcohols to carboxylic acids?

A

KMnO₄ or Na₂Cr₂O₇ in H₂SO₄.

Reflux.

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Q

Carboxylic acids to alcohols?

A

LiAlH4 in dry ether.

Reflux.

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Q

Alcohols to carbonyls?

A

Na₂Cr₂O₇ in H₂SO_{<strong>4</strong>.}

Distill off aldehyde.

Reflux for ketone.

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Q

Carbonyls to alcohols?

A

LiAlH₄ in dry ether.

Reflux.

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Q

Carbonyls to carboxylic acids?

A

K₂Cr₂O₇ and H₂SO₄.

Reflux.

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Q

Carbonyls to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones?

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A

2,4-DNPH.

Reflux.

Q

Carbonyls to hydroxynitriles?

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A

KCN_(aq).

pH 5-8.

r.t.

Q

Alcohols to alkoxides?

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A

Na⁺.

r.t.

Q

Alcohols to halogenoalkanes?

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A

PCl₅ - R.T.

or

NaBr & H₂SO₄ - Reflux.

Q

Halogenoalkanes to alcohols?

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A

KOH_(aq).

Reflux.

Q

Halogenoalkanes to amines?

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A

NH₃.

Heat in sealed tube.

Q

Amines to amine salt?

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A

H⁺.

r.t.

Q

Amines to N-substituted amides?

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A

Acid chloride.

r.t.

Q

Halogenoalkanes to alkenes?

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A

KOH in ethanol.

Heat.

Alkenes to halogenoalkenes?

**HHal** or **Hal**_2. r.t.

Alkenes to diols?

**KMnO₄**_. r.t.

Alkenes to alkanes?

**H₂, Nickel catalyst**. 150°C.

Alkanes to halogenoalkanes?

**Hal₂**. UV light.