Organization of Head and Neck

Question 1

ways to organize head and neck

Answer 1

via cranial nerves or via vasculature

Question 2

Motor CN function

Answer 2

move sets of muscles in the H&N

Question 3

Involuntary motor CN function

Answer 3

Glands of H&N

Eye accommodation & constriction

Question 4

Sensory CN function

Answer 4

convey sensation from regions of the H&N OR special senses

Question 5

V1

Answer 5

Opthalmic branch of trigeminal CN (superior)

Question 6

V2

Answer 6

Maxillary branch of trigeminal CN (middle)

Question 7

V3

Answer 7

Mandibular branch of trigeminal CN (inferior)

Question 8

Passageways of trigeminal nerves

Answer 8

Foramen ovale
superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum

Question 9

internal region

Answer 9

consists of the brain, cranial meninges, and inner table of the skull

Question 10

External/superficial region

Answer 10

everything else but brain, meninges, and inner table of skull

Question 11

Are there anastomatic connections between internal and external regions and H&N?

Answer 11

YES

Question 12

Carotid system

Answer 12

paired common carotid arteries ascend in the neck to divide into the internal and external carotid arteries, which supply the internal and external regions, respectively.

Question 13

Subclavian system

Answer 13

vertebral arteries ascend from the subclavian arteries and distribute branches to neck structures and terminate within the head, where they supply the internal region (brain and internal cranium.)

Question 14

How brain receives oxygen rich blood

Answer 14

two paired systems of arteries, the internal carotid and vertebral arteries that communicate freely with each other via the Circle of Willis.

Question 15

Carotid sheath

Answer 15

ascial sheath through which the carotid artery, internal jugular vein, and vagus nerve pass vertically through the neck

Question 16

Carotid body

Answer 16

sensitive to blood O2, CO2, pH, and temperature (chemoreception)

Question 17

Carotid sinus

Answer 17

sensitive to arterial blood pressure changes (baroreception)

Question 18

Sensory innervation from carotid body and sinus travels in ___

Answer 18

glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)/ General visceral afferent

Question 19

Branches of external carotid from superior to inferior vessels

Answer 19

Superficial temporal
Maxillary
Posterior auricular
Occipital
Facial
Lingual
Ascending pharyngeal
Superior thyroid

Question 20

Inferior thyroid artery

Answer 20

branch of thyrocervical trunk

Question 21

Superficial temporal artery branches again to give off ___

Answer 21

transverse facial artery, another contributor to face

Question 22

maxillary artery pathway

Answer 22

asses antero-medially across the infratemporal fossa, the space between the mandible and the skeleton of the midface.

Question 23

Infratemporal fossa

Answer 23

contains maxillary artery and the muscles of mastication and the nerves that innervate them (branches of V3).

Question 24

internal carotid enters skill via

Answer 24

Carotid canal

Question 25

Internal carotid artery pathway

Answer 25

travels superiorly within the carotid sheath to the base of the skull to pass through a canal in the bone to emerge into the middle cranial fossa.

Question 26

Internal carotid artery supplies ____

Answer 26

eye, orbit, forehead, and much of the cerebrum.

Question 27

Part of internal carotid artery

Answer 27

Cervical part Petrous part (travels through petrous part of temporal bone) Cavernous part (in cavernous sinus) Cerebral part

Question 28

Branches of cerebral part of internal carotid

Answer 28

anterior, medial, and ophthalmic branches

Question 29

anterior cerebral part of artery supplies ____

Answer 29

medial aspects of the | anterior cerebral hemispheres

Question 30

Middle cerebral part of artery supplies ____

Answer 30

temporal lobe, anterolateral frontal lobe, and parietal lobe

Question 31

ophthalmic cerebral part of artery supplies ____

Answer 31

walls of orbit and structures within the orbit as well as skin anterior to the orbit (eyelid, skin around the eye)

Question 32

central artery of retina passes into ___

Answer 32

Optic nerve, with which it enters the back of the eye to reach the retina

Question 33

What does it mean that the central artery of retina is a true end artery?

Answer 33

its occlusion (obstruction) results in instant and complete blindness in the affected eye.

Question 34

Subclavian arterial supply to brain

Answer 34

vertebral artery, cervical part, atlantic part, intracranial parts, internal carotid

Question 35

Contribution of vertebral arteries to circle of willis

Answer 35

posterior cerebral and basilar arteries

Question 36

Branches of internal carotid in circle of willis

Answer 36

anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, ophthalmic, and posterior communicating arteries

Question 37

Circle of willis

Answer 37

high redundant so one part could be compromised and brain would still be alright

Question 38

venous blood pathway in head and neck

Answer 38

returns from the head and neck via internal jugular, external jugular, vertebral, and inferior thyroid veins.

Question 39

Are there more or less communications between internal and external venous systems compared with arteries?

Answer 39

MORE

Question 40

Epidural hematoma

Answer 40

Artery between dura and skull breaks and bleeds into the epidural space so the periosteal dura is slowly pushed away from the bone to create lens-shaped defect in cross section.

Question 41

subdural hematoma

Answer 41

Low-pressure venous bleeding from bridging veins that drain neural tissue into dural sinuses and cross the arachnoid space. When torn, blood dissects arachnoid from dura, and the blood layers out along the cerebral convexity. Brain shifts away from bleed and ventricles compress

Question 42

Subdural hematomas common in what kind of injury?

Answer 42

acceleration/deceleration injuries that cause the brain to move relative to skull

Question 43

Subarachnoid hemmorrhage

Answer 43

Extravasation of blood into the subarachnoid space between the pial and arachnoid membranes causing blood to be diffusely through the brain Caused by trauma or aneurysm

Question 44

Dura layers

Answer 44

outer (periosteal) and inner (meningeal) layers

Question 45

dural venous sinuses

Answer 45

Endothelium-lined channels in the spaces where the layers of the dura diverge so venous blood runs through them to drain from the brain out of the skull

Question 46

Dural venous sinus names

Answer 46

Superior and inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, confluence of sinuses, great cerebral vein, 2 sigmoid sinuses, 2 superior petrosal sinuses, inferior petrosal sinus, cavernous sinus, and ophthalmic vein

Question 47

Internal jugular vein (IJV)

Answer 47

main venous structure in the neck. It descends through the neck in the carotid sheath.

Question 48

IJV originates as ____

Answer 48

continuation of the S-shaped sigmoid (dural venous) sinus

Question 49

Where does IJV terminate?

Answer 49

Terminates superior to the sternoclavicular joint by uniting with the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.

Question 50

What prevents reflux of blood into IJV?

Answer 50

large valve near its termination

Question 51

What is IJV used for clinically?

Answer 51

access location for central line placement

Question 52

What is main landmark for identifying IJV?

Answer 52

sternocleidomastoid muscle

Question 53

What surrounds IJV in chains in neck?

Answer 53

Lymph nodes

Question 54

Are veins superficial or deep to arteries?

Answer 54

Superficial