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Human Body Systems > Upper Extremity > Flashcards

Upper Extremity Flashcards

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1
Q

Upper extremity regions

A

shoulder, arm (brachium), forearm (antebrachium), and hand

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2
Q

Shoulder regions

A

pectoral region
scapular region
deltoid region
part of lateral neck

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3
Q

Arm regions

A 
anterior region (flexor compartment)
posterior region (extensor compartment)
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4
Q

Forearm regions

A 
anterior region (flexor compartment)
posterior region (extensor compartment)
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5
Q

Hand regions

A

wrist
palm
dorsum of hand
digits

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6
Q

Brachial plexus formed by ____

A

ventral rami

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7
Q

What are upper extremity nerves associated with?

A

individual regions or compartments of upper extremity

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8
Q

How many spinal cord levels feed into brachial plexus?

A

5 levels

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9
Q

roots of brachial plexus

A

C5-T1

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10
Q

top portion of brachial plexus

A

supraclavicular portion

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11
Q

bottom portion of brachial plexus

A

intraclavicular portion

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12
Q

Supraclavicular branches innervate

A

dorsal and medial scapula

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13
Q

infraclavicular branches innervate

A

pectoral region and ventral scapula

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14
Q

axillary n. innervates

A

proximal arm

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15
Q

radial n. innervates

A

posterior arm and posterior forearm

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16
Q

musculocutaneous n. innervates

A

anterior arm

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17
Q

median n. innervates

A

anterior forearm and hand

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18
Q

ulnar n. innervates

A

anterior forearm and hand

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19
Q

terminal branches of brachial plexus

A

axillary, radial , musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar

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20
Q

artery pattern

A

subclavian - axillary - brachial - brachial profunda artery - radial (then deep palmar arch) and ulnar (then superficial palmar arch) arteries

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21
Q

When does axillary artery start and end?

A

lateral border of 1st rib and ends at inferior border of teres major

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22
Q

When does brachial artery start?

A

inferior border of teres major

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23
Q

brachial profunda artery

A

deep artery of arm, major branch of brachial artery

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24
Q

superficial palmar arch anastomosize with _____

A

deep palmar arch

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25
venous network dorsal or ventral?
dorsal
26
cephalic vein
superficial to meracarpus prolonged proximally on lateral side
27
Basilic vein
arise from medial side of venous network
28
Basilic vein
arise from medial side of venous network
29
venous drainage pattern arm
dorsal venous network - basilic and cephalic veins - median cubital vein (in cubital fossa) - axillary vein
30
brachial veins
deep vessels that course with brachial artery
31
borders of axillary vein
inferior border of teres major by union of brachia veins and basilic vein
32
joints of shoulder
Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular Glenohumeral Scapulothoracic
33
sternoclavicular joint articular components
round and prominent, Sternal end of the clavicle and manubrium of sternum
34
sternoclavicular joint type
biaxial Modified saddle synovial joint
35
sternoclavicular joint associated structure
fibrocartilage disc creates bed for end of clavicle and transmits force and pressure from extremity to axial skeleton
36
sternoclavicular joint movements
elevation/depression | protraction (scapula forward)/retraction (pull scapula back)
37
acromioclavicular joint articular components
Acromial end of the clavicle and acromion process of scapula
38
acromioclavicular joint type and associated structure
plane type synovial joint (no defined plane of movement), fibrocartilage disc
39
acromioclavicular joint movements
gliding between clavicle | and scapula
40
glenohumeral joint articular components and features
humeral head and glenoid fossa (fossa 1/3 size of humeral head)
41
glenohumeral joint type and movement
ball & socket synovial joint for Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction Internal and External Rotation
42
Both ____ and _____ structures enhance G-H stability
non-contractile and contractile structures
43
Glenoid labrum
``` fibrocartilaginous ring attaches to margin of glenoid fossa deepens the glenoid cavity and contributes to GH stability ```
44
Scapulothoracic joint
physiological joint iwith movement between musculoskeletal structures (scapula and associated muscles and the thoracic wall)
45
Scapulothoracic joint arthrokinematics
elevation, depression, adduction (retraction), abduction (protraction), upward rotation, downward rotation
46
What joints are responsible for shrugging?
scapulothoracic joint, SC joint, AC joint
47
medial (internal) and lateral (external) rotation in shoulder
spinning of humerus in glenoid fossa, elbow usually flexed
48
What planes can the shoulder undergo ab/adduction?
coronal and horizontal
49
is motion in should from glenohumeral joint alone?
no, the humerus would come out
50
scapulohumeral rhythm
each shoulder joint making contributions in specific and consistent pattern
51
0-30 degree abduction uses ____
glenohumeral joint only (don't need to move scapula)
52
30-180 degree abduction uses ____
2:1 GH/ST movement, for every 2 degrees GH moves, the scapula moves 1 degree
53
Extrinsic muscles of posterior shoulder
Superficial layer (trapezius and latissimus dorsi) and deeper layer (levator scapulae, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor)
54
Trapezius muscle AIM
``` A:superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, spinous processes of C7-T12 - scapula spine, acromion, lateral 1/3 clavicle • M: upper: elevates and upwardly rotates scapula middle: adducts scapula lower: depresses and upwardly rotates scapula • I: CN XI ```
55
is your trapezius muscle innervated by cranial nerves or brachial plexus?
Cranial nerve
56
latissimus dorsi AIM
``` A:spinous process T7-T12, iliac crest, ribs 9-12 - intertubercular groove of humerus • M: shoulder extension, adduction and internal rotation (IR) • I: thoracodorsal n. ```
57
Levator scapulae AIM
``` A: transverse processes of C1-C4, superior medial border of scapula M: elevates and downwardly rotates scapula I: Dorsal scapular nerve ```
58
Rhomboid minor attachment
spinous processes C7 and T1, medial scapular border at the level of root of scapular spine
59
Rhomboid major attachments
spinous processes T2 - T5, medial scapular border from level of spine to inferior angle
60
Rhomboid major and minor IM
M: adduct/retract and downwardly rotate scapula I: dorsal scapular nerve
61
triangle of auscultation
``` site on the back where breath sounds may be most easily heard through a stethoscope ```
62
How do you widen triangle of auscultation?
protract scapula
63
Boundaries of triangle of asuscultation
Latissimus dorsi, trapezius, medial border of scapula
64
extrinsic muscles of anterior shoulder
Pectoralis Major Pectoralis Minor Serratus Anterior Subclavius
65
Pectoralis major AIM
A:Clavicular head (Medial half of clavicle), Sternocostal head (anterior sternum, upper six costal cartilages), Intertubercular groove of humerus M: Adducts and medially rotates humerus • I:Lateral and Medial pectoral nerves
66
Pectoralis minor AIM
A: Ribs 3-5, Coracoid process of scapula M: Stabilizes scapula I: Medial pectoral nerve
67
Serratus anterior AIM
A: External surfaces of lateral parts of ribs 1-8, Anterior surface of medial border of scapula M: protracts & upwardly rotates the scapula, holds scapula against thoracic wall I: long thoracic n
68
Winging of scapula
at rest scapula is popped off posterior thoracic wall
69
Subclavius AIM
``` A: Junction of first rib and costal cartilage, inferior surface of medial third of clavicle M: anchors and depresses clavicle I: nerve to subclavius ```
70
intrinsic muscles of shoulder
``` Coracobrachialis Deltoid Teres Major Teres Minor Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis ```
71
coracobrachialis AIM
A: tip of coracoid process, medial, middle 1/3 of humerus M: flex and adducts shoulder I: musculocutaneous nerve
72
deltoid AIM
A: scapula spine, acromion, lateral 1/3 clavicle, deltoid tuberosity of humerus M: anterior: shoulder flexion, middle: shoulder abduction, poster: shoulder extension I:axillary n.
73
teres major AIM
``` A: inferior lateral aspect of poster surface of scapula, intertubercular groove of humerus M: shoulder medial/ internal rotation (IR) I: lower subscapular n. ```
74
rotator cuff muscles and anterior/posterior location
supraspinatus (posterior) infraspinatus (posterior) teres minor (posterior) subscapularis (anterior)
75
Supraspinatus AIM
A: Supraspinous fossa and Greater tubercle M: shoulder abduction I: suprascapular n.
76
infraspinatus AIM
A: Infraspinous fossa and Greater tubercle M: shoulder lateral/external rotation (ER) I: suprascapular n.
77
teres minor AIM
A: Middle part of lateral border of scapula and Greater tubercle M: shoulder lateral/external rotation (ER) I: axillary n.
78
subscapularis AIM
A: Subscapular fossa and Lesser tubercle M: shoulder medial/internal rotation (IR) I: upper subscapular nerve & lower subscapular nerve
79
Rotator cuff muscles are important for maintaining humerus ____
centered within glenoid fossa
80
elbow articulations
humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar, and distal radioulnar
81
humeroulnar joint type and movements
hinge, flexion/extension
82
Humeroradial joint type and movements
Modified Hinge, Flexion/extension and | Supination/pronation
83
proximal radioulnar joint type and movement
Pivot, Supination/pronation
84
distal radioulnar joint type and movement
Pivot, Supination/pronation
85
annular ligament: where it is, what it does, and what is protects
Encircles head of radius, Holds the head of the radius against the ulna, Protects against distal dislocation of the radius
86
lateral (or radial) collateral ligament: where it is, what it does, and what is protects
Lateral epicondyle to annular ligament of radius, Protects against medial deviation of forearm, Taut in full extension
87
medial (ulnar) collateral ligament: where it is, what it does, and what is protects
Medial epicondyle of humerus to coronoid process and olecranon process, Protects against lateral deviation of forearm
88
ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction
UCL is replaced with a | tendon from elsewhere in the body common among sports, mostly baseball
89
elbow extension arthrokinematics
olecranon process | is in close approximation to the distal humerus in olecranon fossa
90
elbow flexion arthrokinematics
``` olecranon process pulls away from distal humerus, as coronoid process and radius approach their respective fossae ```
91
elbow supination/pronation arthrokinematics
Supination occurs as the radial head spins on the capitulum (only radius moves)
92
Joints involves in supination/pronation of elbow
Humeroradial joint, Proximal and distal radioulnar joints
93
anterior compartment of arm muscles with elbow and innervation
Biceps Brachii Brachialis I: musculocutaneous n.
94
posterior compartment of arm muscles with elbow and innervation
Triceps Brachii Anconeus Brachioradialis I: radial n.
95
Biceps brachii AIM
``` A: Short head: coracoid process of the scapula Long head: supraglenoid tubercle Both heads: radius via bicipital aponeurosis M: (weak shoulder flexion) elbow flexion, forearm supination I: musculocutaneous n. ```
96
Brachialis AIM
A:distal, anterior humerus, coronoid process of the ulna M: flexes the forearm I: musculocutaneous n.
97
triceps brachii AIM
``` Attachments: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle Lateral head: posterior sup. humerus Medial head (deep): posterior inf. humerus All Heads: olecranon of the ulna M: Extend elbow(LH-ext, shoulder) I: radial n. ```
98
anoconeus AIM
A:lateral epicondyle of humerus, olecranon of the ulna M: extends the forearm (weaker than triceps) I: radial n.
99
brachioradialis AIM
A: Lateral portion of distal humerus, lateral and distal radius M: flexes elbow I: radial nerve
100
Brachioradialis originates in ____ but action is in ___
originates in posterior, but action is in anterior compartment
101
supinator AIM
A:lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna, proximal radius M: supinates forearm I: radial nerve
102
muscles acting on radioulnar joint
supinator, biceps brachii, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
103
pronator teres AIM
A: coronoid process and medial epicondyle, lateral surface of radius M: pronates and flexes forearm I: median n.
104
pronator quadratus AIM
A: Distal anterior ulna, distal anterior radius M: pronates forearm I: median n.
105
wrist articulations
radiocarpal, midcarpal, and distal radioulnar joints
106
radiocarpal joint type and movement
between distal radius and proximal carpals, condyloid type M: wrist flexion/extension, wrist AB (radial deviation)/AD (ulnar deviation)
107
midcarpal joint type and movement
between proximal and distal row of carpal bones, plane synovial joint M: gliding motions between carpals
108
distal radioulnar joint type and movement
between distal end of radius and ulna, pivot synovial joint | M: supination/pronation
109
Colles fracture
dorsal displacement of distal fragment from fall on outstretched arm
110
Most common people to get colles fracture?
post-menopausal women
111
Stabilizing ligaments in wrist
extensor retinaculum, flexor retinaculum (anterior)
112
carpal tunnel
on flexor surface from curve of carpals and flexor retinaculum
113
joints involved in wrist flexion/ extension
``` radiocarpal & midcarpal joints (motion at both joints for both movements) ```
114
joints involved in wrist abduction/ adduction
radiocarpal & | midcarpal joints
115
wrist extensors AIM
A:Lateral epicondyle of humerus, Base of metacarpals M:Wrist extension I: radial n.
116
lateral epicondylitis
Repeated forceful flexion and extension of the wrist strain attachment of common extensor tendon producing inflammation
117
wrist flexors AIM
A:Medial epicondyle of humerus, Base of metacarpals M: Wrist flexion I: median and ulnar nerves
118
Palmaris longus AIM
A:Medial epicondyle of humerus to fascia of palm M: Tenses fascia of palm I: Median n.
119
``` wrist abduction (radial deviation) ```
result of contraction of both the flexor and extensors on the radial side of the forearm
120
wrist adduction (ulnar deviation)
result of contraction of both the flexor and extensors on the ulnar side of the forearm
121
are there dedicated muscles for wrist ab/adduction?
NO
122
articulations of digits
carpometacarpal (CMC), metacarpophalangeal (MP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), distal interphalangeal (DIP)
123
Joints in thumb
CMC, MP, and IP (not PIP and DIP)
124
Digit 2-5 flexion/ extension joints
MP joints PIP joints DIP joints
125
digits 2-5 ab/adduction joints
MP joints
126
movements of thumb
add/abduction (CMC), flexion/extension (CMC/MP/IP), and opposition (CMC)
127
opposition movement of thumb
combo of abduction and flexion
128
non-manipulative prehension patterns
cylindrical grip, hook grip, spherical grip
129
manipulative prehension grip
palmar pinch, lateral pinch, tip-to-tip pinch
130
flexor digitorum superficialis AIM
A: medial epicondyle, bifurcates and inserts on middle phalanx M: flexes PIP I: median and ulnar n.
131
Flexor digitorum profundus AIM
A: proximal ulna attaches on distal phalanx 2-5 M: flexes DIP I: ulnar n.
132
extrinsic digit flexor muscles
flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus
133
what does the carpal tunner contain?
extrinsic tendons of the extrinsic digit flexors as well as the main branch of the median nerve
134
What gets compressed upon inflammation inside carpal tunnel?
Median n.
135
Extrinsic digit extensors and innervation
``` Extensor digitorum (common), extensor indicis proprius (Finger 2), and extensor digiti minimi (finger 5) I: radial n. ```
136
extrinsic thumb muscle
``` Flexor pollicis longus Extensor Pollicis Longus and Brevis Abductor Pollicis Longus ```
137
anatomical snuff box
formed by tendons of extrinsic muscles of thumb at base of scaphoid
138
intrinsic hand muscles and innervation
hypothenar group on pinkie side (ulnar n.), and thenar group (median n.) on thumb side
139
Lumbricals AIM
A:Flexor tendons in palm, Dorsum of proximal phalanges (cross anterior side of MP joints) M: Flex at MP & Extend at PIP/DIP I: Median and Ulnar N.
140
dorsal interossei AIM and how many muscles
A:Metacarpals to proximal phalanges - 4 muscles M: ABduction I: Ulnar N.
141
palmar interossei AIM and how many muscles
A: metacarpals to proximal phalanges - 3 muscles M: ADduction I: Ulnar N.
142
what nerves innervate skin of hand?
ulnar, median, and radial nerves

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