Orientation of the Human Body & Biochemistry Exam Human Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Integumentary

Answer 1

-Forms the external body covering
-Protects deeper tissue from injury
-Helps regulate body temperature
-Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Question 2

Skeletal

Answer 2

-Protects and supports body organs
-Provides muscle attachment for movement
-Site of blood cell formation
-Stores minerals

Question 3

Muscular

Answer 3

• Produces movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat

Question 4

Nervous

Answer 4

• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands

Question 5

Endocrine

Answer 5

Secretes regulatory hormones
Growth
Reproduction
Metabolism

Question 6

Cardiovascular

Answer 6

Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
  Oxygen
  Carbon dioxide 
  Nutrients
  Wastes

Question 7

Lymphatic

Answer 7

Returns fluids to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity

Question 8

Respiratory

Answer 8

Keeps blood supplied with oxygen

Removes carbon dioxide

Question 9

Digestive

Answer 9

Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material

Question 10

Urinary

Answer 10

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes

Question 11

Reproductive

Answer 11

Produces offspring

Question 12

Compare anatomy vs. physiology

Answer 12

Anatomy – the study of the structure of body parts & their relationships to one another
Physiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

Question 13

Describe 3 components of homeostatic control mechanisms

Answer 13

1. Receptor
   a. detects stimulus
   b. sends input (info) to control center
2. Control Center
   a. analyzes input & determines response b. sends output (info) to effector
3. Effector
   a. provides means for response
   b. 2 types of feedback influence stimulus

Question 14

+ vs. – Feedback in Homeostasis

Answer 14

Negative Feedback System
Very Common
Reduces the original stimulus
Ex: blood sugar level, heart rate, body temp
Positive Feedback System
Not Common
Intensifies the original stimulus
Ex: blood clotting, labor contractions

Question 15

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging X-ray

Answer 15

X Ray
Uses X rays (electromagnetic radiation)
Dense structures absorb X rays & appear as light areas
Detects: 
1) broken bones
2) abnormal dense tissues
(tumors & TB nodules)

Question 16

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging CT

Answer 16

CT Computed Tomography
Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
Refined version of X ray equipment
Patient slowly moved through machine
X ray tube rotates around the body forming “slices” of the body

Question 17

Why is the CT better than a conventional X ray?

Answer 17

Detailed, cross-sectional pictures
No confusion from overlapping structures
Helps in the location & severity of head traumas and strokes

Question 18

7. Compare/contrast types of medical imaging PET

Answer 18

PET
Positron Emission Tomography
Can Observe brain activity/physiology
Radioisotope
–injected & bonds to molecule like glucose –absorbed by active brain cells
–gives off gamma rays
Computer produces “live-action” picture

Question 19

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging Ultrasound

Answer 19

Ultrasound
Uses soundwaves
Soundwaves reflected & scattered
by body tissue as computer analyzes 
“Inexpensive”

Question 20

Compare/contrast types of medical imaging MRI

Answer 20

MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Produces high-contrast images of soft tissue
Magnetic waves used causing H to spin (H gives off detectable radiowaves)
(Can even differentiate white & gray matter in nervous tissue)

Question 21

8. Direction terminology (proximal vs. distal, superior vs. inferior, medial vs. lateral, etc.)

Answer 21

• Superior (cranial) - toward the head
• Inferior (caudal) - away from the head
• Anterior - toward the front of the body
• Posterior - toward the back of the body
• Medial - toward the midline of the body
Lateral - away from the midline of the body
Intermediate - between medial & lateral
Proximal - closer to the origin of the body part or point of attachment
Distal - farther from the origin of the body part or point of attachment
Superficial - toward or at the body surface
Deep - away from the body surface

Question 22

Anatomical position

Answer 22

“Standing at Attention”
Palms Face Forward
Universal Reference for Terminology

Question 23

Body Cavities

Answer 23

Dorsal
-Cranial Cavity
-Spinal Cavity 
Ventral
-Thoracic Cavity
   -Pleural Cavity & Mediastinum
   -Diaphragm 
     -Abdominopelvic Cavity 
       -Abdominal Cavity
       -Pelvic Cavity

Question 24

Basic atomic structure

Oxygen

Answer 24

(O) (65%)
Found in many molecules (organic or inorg.)
Needed for cell respiration

Question 25

Basic atomic structure | Carbon

Answer 25

(C) (18.5%) | • Found in carbs., lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 26

Basic atomic structure | Hydrogen

Answer 26

(H) (9.5%) | • In all organic compounds & influences pH

Question 27

Basic atomic structure | Nitrogen

Answer 27

(N) (3.2%) | In proteins & nucleic acids

Question 28

Calcium:

Answer 28

bones, teeth, muscle contraction, n.i.

Question 29

Potassium:

Answer 29

nerve impulses & muscle contraction

Question 30

Sulfur:

Answer 30

proteins

Question 31

Sodium:

Answer 31

extracellular, water balance, n.i. & m.c.

Question 32

Chlorine:

Answer 32

extracellular fluid

Question 33

Magnesium:

Answer 33

bone, imp. cofactor

Question 34

Iodine:

Answer 34

thyroid hormones

Question 35

Iron:

Answer 35

hemoglobin & some enzymes

Question 36

enzymes

Answer 36

- function as catalysts | - promote rapid reaction rates

Question 37

Active Site

Answer 37

- part of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction - Attracts and binds substrate - Active site is substrate specific

Question 38

Substrate

Answer 38

the substance (reactant molecule) and enzyme acts upon

Question 39

Denaturation

Answer 39

Irreversible changes in the structure of proteins caused by heat or drastic pH changes.

Question 40

Phosphorous:

Answer 40

bones, teeth, DNA, RNA, ATP

Question 41

Fibrous proteins

Answer 41

Extended and strandlike proteins Examples: keratin, elastin, collagen, and certain contractile fibers

Question 42

Globular proteins

Answer 42

Compact, spherical proteins with tertiary and quaternary structures Examples: antibodies, hormones, and enzymes

Question 43

Protein Denuaturation

Answer 43

Unfolding of proteins due to drops in pH and/or increased temperature Irreversibly denatured proteins cannot refold and are formed by extreme pH or temperature changes

Question 44

Biochemistry:

Answer 44

study of the chemical composition & reactions of living matter

Question 45

Organic Compounds:

Answer 45

carbon chains, many found in organisms, many large

Question 46

Inorganic Compounds:

Answer 46

all others...H2O, CO2, salts, many acids & bases

Question 47

Carbohydrates

Answer 47

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Their major function is to supply a source of cellular food Examples: Monosaccharides or simple sugars Disaccharides or double sugars

Question 48

Lipids

Answer 48

Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule

Question 49

Phospholipids –

Answer 49

modified triglycerides with two fatty acid groups and a phosphorus group

Question 50

Steroids –

Answer 50

flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings

Question 51

Eicosanoids –

Answer 51

20-carbon fatty acids found in cell membranes

Question 52

Nucleic Acids

Answer 52

Structure of DNA

Question 53

Macromolecules

Answer 53

composed of combinations of 20 types of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds

Question 54

ATP

Answer 54

The useable energy molecule

Question 55

Homeostasis control system

Answer 55

Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector, response