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anatomy and physiology > Senses > Flashcards

Senses Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

Chemoreceptors:

A

change in chemical [bonds]

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2
Q

Nociceptors (pain):

A

tissue damage

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3
Q

Thermoreceptors:

A

changes in temperature

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors:

A

changes in pressure and movement (tension)

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5
Q

Photoreceptors:

A

changes in light

There are no photoreceptor cells in the optic disc/ blind spot

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6
Q

general senses of touch

A

Temperature
Pressure
Pain

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7
Q

Special senses

A 
Smell 
Taste 
Sight
Hearing 
Equilibrium
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8
Q

Emmetropic-

A

normal vision

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9
Q

Myopic-

A

nearsightedness; inability to see faraway objects

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10
Q

Hyperopic

A

inability to focus well on close objects; farsightedness

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11
Q

Layers forming the wall of the eye

A 
Fibrous layer
- outside layer 
Vascular layer 
- middle layer 
Sensory layer
- Inside layer
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12
Q

Sclera-

A

White connective tissue layer

Seen anteriorly as the “ white of the eye”

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13
Q

Cornea-

A

Transparent, central anterior portion

Allows for light to pass through

Repairs itself easily

The only human tissue that can be transplanted without fear of rejection

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14
Q

Rods-

A

Most are found towards the edges of the retina

Allow dim light vision and peripheral vision

All perception is in gray tones

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15
Q

Cones-

A

Allow for detailed color vision

Densest in the center of the retina

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16
Q

Fovea centralis-

A

area of the retina with only cones

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17
Q

5 Types of Receptors

A 
Chemoreceptors: 
Nociceptors (pain): 
Thermoreceptors:  
Mechanoreceptors: 
Photoreceptors:
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18
Q

The eye and vision

A

70% of all sensory receptors are in the eyes

Each eye has over a million nerve fibers

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19
Q

Protection for the eye

A

Most of the eye is enclosed in a bony orbit

A cushion of fat surrounds most of the eye

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20
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Membrane that lines the eyelids

Connects to the surface of the eye

Secretes mucus to lubricate the eye

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21
Q

Ciliary body-

A

Smooth muscle attached to lens

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22
Q

Iris-

Study These Flashcards
A

Regulates amount of light entering eye

23
Q

Pupil-

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A

Rounded opening in the iris

24
Q

Retina contains two layers

Study These Flashcards
A

Outer pigmented layer

Inner neural layer

  • contains receptor cells
    • rods
    • cones
25
Two segments or chambers of the eye
Anterior (aqueous) segment - anterior to the lens - contains aqueous humor Posterior (vitreous) segment - posterior to the lens - contains vitreous humor
26
Aqueous humor
Watery fluid found between lens and cornea Helps maintain intraocular pressure Provides nutrients for the lens and cornea
27
Vitreous humor
Gel-like substance posterior to the lens Prevents the eye from collapsing Helps maintain intraocular
28
Ophthalmoscope
Instrument used to illuminate the interior of the eyeball Can detect diabetes, arteriosclerosis, degeneration of the optic nerve and retina
29
Accommodation-
the lens must change shape to focus on closer objects (less than 20 feet away)
30
Pathway of the light through the eye
Image formed on the retina Real images are - reversed from left to right - upside down - smaller than the object
31
Which homeostatic imbalance is best characterized by light rays converging in front of the retina?
Myopia
32
Which of the following statements are TRUE about your optic disc?
It is also known as the blind spot. It is where the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye. You should have tested for it in Mr. Prey's Lab: Visual Tests & Demonstrations.
33
What was the jelly-like substance that came out of the eye during the dissection?
Vitreous humor
34
3 layers of the eyeball
Fibrous layer (no blood, dense CT) vascular layer (pigmented) inner layer (retina)
35
Three layers of the retina
``` I. Photoreceptorlaver- generatesaction potential; made of rods and cones 2. Bipolar laver- transmits impulse 3. Ganglion cells- relays message to optic nerve and then to occipital lobe ```
36
Cataracts
hardening of lens with age, causing hazy vision
37
Glaucoma
drainage of the aqueous humor is blocked, causing pain and possibly blindness
38
Night Blindness
rod function interferences/vitamin A deficiency, causing impaired night vision
39
Colorblindness
missing some or all types of cones, causing the inability to distinguish certain colors
40
astigmatism
Images are blurry Results from light focusing as lines, not points, on the retina due to unequal curvatures of the cornea or lens
41
Hemianopia—
loss of the same side of the visual field of both eyes; results from damage to the visual cortex on one side only
42
The Ear
Houses two senses -Hearing - Equilibrium (balance) - Receptors are mechanoreceptors - Different organs house receptors for each sense
43
Anatomy of the Ear
The ear is divided into three areas ``` External (outer) ear Middle ear (tympanic cavity) Inner ear (bony labyrinth) ```
44
The External Ear
Involved in hearing only
45
Structures of the external ear
Auricle (pinna) External acoustic meatus (auditory canal)
46
Bones of the Middle Ear (Tympanic Cavity)
Three bones (ossicles) span the cavity Malleus (hammer) Incus (anvil) Stapes (stirrip)
47
Function of the Middle Ear Bones
Vibrations from eardrum move the hammer -> anvil -> stirrup -> inner ear
48
Inner Ear or Bony Labyrinth
Includes sense organs for hearing and balance Filled with perilymph A maze of bony chambers within the temporal bone
49
Organ of Corti
Located within the cochlea Receptors = hair cells on the basilar membrane Gel-like tectorial membrane is capable of bending hair cells Cochlear nerve attached to hair cells transmits nerve impulses to auditory cortex on temporal lobe
50
Mechanism of Hearing
Vibrations from sound waves move tectorial membrane Hair cells are bent by the membrane An action potential starts in the cochlear nerve Continued stimulation can lead to adaptation
51
Deafness
earwax build-up, ruptured eardrum, middle ear infections, otosclerosis; damage to Organ of Corti (cochlea)
52
Tinnitus –
constant ringing in ears
53
Meniere’s Syndrome
fluid problems lead to vertigo, nausea

anatomy and physiology (12 decks)

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