Orthotics Foundational Concepts

Question 1

“orthosis” is derived from the Greek word “___”

Answer 1

ortho

Question 2

what does the Greek word “ortho” mean

Answer 2

straight, upright, correct

Question 3

what does ISO stand for

Answer 3

International Standards Organization

Question 4

what does ISO define orthosis as

Answer 4

externally applied device used to modify the structural or functional characteristics of NM system

Question 5

what do O’Sullivan and Schmidt define orthosis as

Answer 5

external appliance worn to restrict or assist motion or to transfer load from one area to another

Question 6

orthoses may have ___ or ____ properties

Answer 6

static or dynamic

Question 7

a splint is a ____ device

Answer 7

temporary

Question 8

what type of properties does a splint have

Answer 8

static

Question 9

does a splint have dynamic properties?

Answer 9

nope

Question 10

what is a orthotist

Answer 10

trained individual who fabricates orthoses

Question 11

what does CO stand for

Answer 11

Certified Orthotist

Question 12

what does CPO stand for

Answer 12

Certified Orthotist Prosthetist

Question 13

where on the Enablement Model do orthoses fit

Answer 13

Body Structures

Question 14

Primary Indication for orthoses

Answer 14

improve function

Question 15

ways to improve function by the prescription of orthoses? (5)

Answer 15

1. Immobilize and protect weak, painful, or healing MS segments
2. Relief of pain by limiting ROM or weight bearing
3. Reduction of axial load
4. Prevent of correct deformity
5. Enhance motor control function

Question 16

Three parts of the “Comfort” aspect of orthoses

Answer 16

1. maximize contact
2. snug fit
3. leverage

Question 17

what forces need to be considered for orthoses (4)

Answer 17

1. tension and compression
2. shear
3. torsion
4. ground reaction forces

Question 18

if a bending force is present (compression and tension), control is maintained through a…

Answer 18

3 point pressure system

Question 19

a 3-point pressure system involves a ___ and ____ force on one side and a ____ force on the opposite side

Answer 19

a 3 point pressure system involves a PROXIMAL and DISTAL force on one side and a COUNTERBALANCING force on the opposite side

Question 20

if the orthotic is not snug, what may result?

Answer 20

friction

Question 21

is the device more or less comfortable if it is longer

Answer 21

longer = more comfortable

Question 22

short device = _____ levers

Answer 22

short levers

Question 23

is a short device more or less comfortable than a long one

Answer 23

short device is less comfortable

Question 24

for tension and compression forces, what type of pressure system is effective

Answer 24

3 point pressure system

Question 25

where would the forces be for an orthotic that controls valgus at the knee

Answer 25

primary force: pushing medial --> lateral | secondary forces: pushing lateral --> medial (above and below primary force)

Question 26

where would the forces be for an orthotic that controls knee varus

Answer 26

primary force: pushing lateral --> medial | secondary forces: above and below primary force, both pushing medially --> laterally

Question 27

where would the forces be for an orthotic controlling plantar flexion

Answer 27

primary force: pushing on anterior talus (inferior and posterior) secondary force 1: pushing superiorly on metatarsal heads secondary force 2: pushing anteriorly on gastrocs

Question 28

where would the forces be for an orthotic controlling dorsiflexion

Answer 28

primary force: pushing anterior and superior on calcaneus secondary force 1: inferiorly on met-heads secondary force 2: posteriorly on tib anterior

Question 29

what type of force is a twisting force around an axis

Answer 29

torsion

Question 30

what type of force is applied parallel to a surface

Answer 30

shear

Question 31

the longer the orthosis, the LESSER/GREATER? the leverage

Answer 31

the longer the orthosis, the GREATER the leverage

Question 32

as increase the length of the lever arm from the axis, what happens to the amount of force necessary to maintain the position?

Answer 32

the force decreases as the lever arm length increases

Question 33

what is the difference between a flexible and rigid deformity

Answer 33

flexible - alignment of part can be corrected to a neutral or optimal position rigid - neutral alignment is NOT possible

Question 34

difference between interim and definitive expected duration of use

Answer 34

interim - wearing the orthosis for a short period of time definitive - permanent

Question 35

what would the forces be of an orthosis that controls knee hyperextension

Answer 35

primary force: pushing anteriorly on posterior knee secondary forces: above and below primary forces, pushing posterior on anterior leg

Question 36

difference between dynamic and static

Answer 36

dynamic - mechanically facilitates active movement static - holds the patient in a certain position

Question 37

"movement fasciliated by some part of the orthosis" static or dynamic?

Answer 37

dynamic

Question 38

difference between custom and stock

Answer 38

custom - custom fitted to patient stock - over the counter, not custom to patient

Question 39

are bars or bands vertical

Answer 39

bars

Question 40

are bars or bands horizontal

Answer 40

bands

Question 41

definition of rigid (bars and bands)

Answer 41

has both bars and bands

Question 42

definition of semirigid (bars and bands)

Answer 42

has bars, does not have bands has bands, does not have bars

Question 43

definition of flexible (bars and bands)

Answer 43

no bars, no bands

Question 44

three types of orthoses

Answer 44

rigid, semirigid, flexible

Question 45

name this: left orthosis for the knee controls hyperextension, varus, and valgus has bars and bands

Answer 45

rigid L knee orthosis (KO) controlling hyperextension, varus, and valgus

Question 46

what is the purpose of the orthosis overall?

Answer 46

the functional goal

Question 47

what are social factors that need to be considered for the prescription of an orthosis? (2)

Answer 47

1. cognition | 2. social support

Question 48

difference between a negative and positive mold

Answer 48

negative - shell of their limb, like a cast positive - planter like material, a medal rod is put in