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Cancer - burns

1
Q

What are the main systems that Systemic Lupus Erythematosus can involve?

A

Joints, kidney, CNS, cardiac, pulmonary

Skin manifestations may include butterfly rash, localized erythema and edema, alopecia, photosensitivity, mucosal ulcers, and Raynaud’s phenomenon.

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2
Q

What is a common skin change associated with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus?

A

Photosensitivity

This condition is more common in females.

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3
Q

What characterizes Scleroderma?

A

Fibrous degeneration of connective tissue in skin, lungs, and internal organs

Autoimmunity leads to massive fibrotic tissue response, potentially causing joint contractures and pulmonary fibrosis.

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4
Q

What genetic defect is associated with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A

Defect in collagen synthesis

It can display hypermobility and affect cardiac function.

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5
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome characterized by?

A

Lack of fibrillin, long hands, loose joints, scoliosis, often eye and heart involvement.

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6
Q

What are the features of Achondroplasia?

A

Growth of cartilage in epiphyses, resulting in short limbs

Transmitted as an autosomal dominant gene.

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7
Q

What is the primary mechanism of injury for burns?

A

May be thermal or non-thermal

Examples include flame burns, scalds, contact burns, electrical burns, chemical burns, friction burns, and radiation burns.

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8
Q

What is the appearance of a first-degree burn?

A

Superficial erythema (just redness)

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9
Q

What characterizes a second-degree burn?

A

Partial thickness, blistering

May heal without a scar.

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10
Q

What is observed in a third-degree burn?

A

Full thickness with necrosis

Will heal with a scar.

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11
Q

What is the Zone of Coagulation?

A

Point of maximum damage, irreversible tissue loss.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the Rule of Nines in burn assessment?

A

Assesses the percentage of body surface area burned.

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13
Q

What are the cardiovascular effects of burns?

A

Increased capillary permeability, interstitial edema, hypovolemia, myocardial depression, hypotension.

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14
Q

What signs indicate inhalation injury?

A

Singed eyebrows, black oral/nasal discharge, swollen lips, hoarse voice.

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15
Q

What is the goal of burn treatment?

A

Prevent respiratory complications, control edema, maintain joint ROM, prevent excessive scarring.

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16
Q

What is the difference between split thickness and full thickness skin grafts?

A

Split thickness uses epidermis and part of dermis; full thickness is a complete skin transplant.

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17
Q

What are the characteristics of hypertrophic scars?

A

Common complication of burn injuries, raised edges, may exceed original injury limits.

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18
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

An autoimmune disease affecting skin, characterized by accelerated skin cell growth and inflammation.

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19
Q

What are the five cardinal morphologic features of psoriasis?

A

Plaque, well circumscribed margins, bright salmon red color, silvery scales, symmetric distribution.

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20
Q

What are the two types of eczema?

A

Atopic dermatitis and contact dermatitis.

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21
Q

What is the primary characteristic of atopic dermatitis?

A

Intensely itchy inflammatory skin disorder.

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22
Q

What is the treatment for seborrheic dermatitis?

A

Antifungals.

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23
Q

What is the primary cause of Herpes Zoster?

A

Re-activation of herpes virus (chicken pox) lying dormant in a nerve root.

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24
Q

What are common signs of chronic stress?

A

Increased muscle tension, headaches, abdominal pain, decreased immune function.

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25
What is hyperthyroidism?
Elevation of metabolism and heart rate, often with enlarged thyroid.
26
What are the signs of Cushing’s Disease?
Hypertension, moon face, central obesity, abdominal striations.
27
What is Addison’s disease?
Not enough cortisol and aldosterone, autoimmune process against adrenal cortex.
28
What are the signs of shock?
Increased thirst, anxiousness, nausea, weak heart rate, cold/clammy skin.
29
What is the treatment for heat exhaustion?
Fluids, positioning supine with pelvis and legs elevated.
30
What are the signs of heat stroke?
High body temperature, altered mental state, hot and dry skin.
31
What is Heat Exhaustion also known as?
Exercise Associated Collapse ## Footnote It is not due to elevated temperature.
32
What causes blood to pool in the lower extremities during Heat Exhaustion?
Sudden stop of exercise ## Footnote This leads to decreased central volume and postural hypotension.
33
What is the treatment for Heat Exhaustion?
Fluids, position in supine with pelvis/legs elevated, remove from heat ## Footnote This helps to reverse symptoms.
34
List the signs and symptoms of Heat Exhaustion.
* General Weakness * Increased sweating * Weak or slow pulse * Nausea * Cold, clammy skin * Thirsty * Muscle cramps/aches
35
What is Heat Stroke characterized by?
Body temp above 40C ## Footnote This condition can lead to severe complications.
36
List the signs and symptoms of Heat Stroke.
* Dizziness * Weakness * Headache * Altered sensorium (delirium, stupor, coma) * Hypotension * Tachycardia * Hyperventilation * Rapid Pulse
37
What is the recommended treatment for Heat Stroke?
Cooling by promptly immersing in ice water bath for 5-10min, supportive measures (fluids) ## Footnote Immediate action is crucial for recovery.
38
What are the most significant variables to differentiate between Heat Exhaustion and Heat Stroke?
Pulse rate and skin temperature ## Footnote These metrics help in clinical assessment.
39
What does Heat Syncope result in?
Weakness, fatigue, and loss of motor tone ## Footnote Patients may also experience blurred vision and elevated body temperature.
40
What causes Heat Cramps?
Depletion of both water and salt due to heat exhaustion ## Footnote They typically occur after vigorous physical exertion in a hot environment.
41
What is the initial physiological response to Cold-induced Injury?
Vasoconstriction in skin ## Footnote This is to protect body parts from a drop in core temperature.
42
What happens to tissues during Cold-induced Injury when the temperature drops to 2C?
Ice crystals form in tissues ## Footnote This can lead to significant tissue damage.
43
What does AIDS stand for?
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
44
What is the primary cause of HIV/AIDS?
HIV1 or 2; loss of immune system function
45
What percentage of adherence to therapy is required to achieve an undetectable viral load in HIV/AIDS?
>90%
46
What type of therapy is used for HIV/AIDS?
Multidrug antiviral therapy
47
What are some symptomatic treatments for HIV/AIDS?
*Maintain nutrition *Maintain functional mobility *Education
48
How is HIV transmitted?
Contact with infected body fluids such as: *Vaginal/cervical secretions *Breast milk *CSF *Semen *Blood
49
Is HIV transmitted through urine, stool, sweat, vomit, saliva, tears, or nasal secretions?
No
50
What is the ethical approach to treating patients with HIV/AIDS?
Treat the person, not the disease; do not take infection control precautions unless necessary.
51
What lab evidence is used to diagnose HIV?
*HIV -1 antibody test *CD4 cell count 200-500/ml (normal = 800-1200/ml)
52
What are some signs and symptoms of HIV/AIDS?
*Alterations in memory *Confusion *Disorientation *Motor deficits *Loss of fine motor coordination
53
What complications are patients with HIV/AIDS susceptible to develop?
*Pneumonia *TB *Malignancy *Encephalitis *Meningitis *Dementia *Herpes zoster
54
What type of exercises are recommended for HIV/AIDS patients?
*Moderate aerobic *Strength *Avoid exhaustive exercise
55
What are the main functions of the liver?
*Producing albumin *Producing clotting factors *Metabolizing ammonia *Removing bilirubin
56
What are signs and symptoms of liver disease?
*Jaundice *Itching *Big belly *Ascites *Bleeding *Esophageal varices
57
What are the types of viral hepatitis?
*Hepatitis A *Hepatitis B *Hepatitis C
58
How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
Fecal-oral route
59
What is a key characteristic of Hepatitis B?
Can persist lifelong; NO CURE
60
What is the common treatment for Haemophilia Type A?
Recombinant factor VIII infusion
61
What is the most common symptom of joint bleeds in haemophilia?
Bleeding in the joints (hemarthrosis)
62
What are the classifications of anemia?
*Blood Loss *Destruction *Decreased or improper production
63
What is Metabolic Syndrome a precursor to?
Type 2 diabetes
64
What are the signs and symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?
*Increased urination *Weight loss *Dehydration *Hyperglycemic symptoms
65
What is a common treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Regulate sugar intake in diet and medications like metformin
66
What are the long-term side effects of hyperglycemia?
*Diabetic retinopathy *Diabetic nephropathy *Atherosclerosis *Diabetic neuropathy
67
What is the definition of Sepsis?
Infection/Trauma ➔ SIRS ➔ Sepsis ➔ Severe Sepsis
68
What are the criteria for diagnosing SIRS?
2 or more of the following: *Fever >38°C or <36°C *Heart rate >90 bpm *Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min *Abnormal white blood cell count
69
What indicates severe sepsis?
At least one sign of organ failure such as: *Decreased urine output *Change in mental status *Difficulty breathing
70
What is septic shock?
Severe sepsis plus extremely low blood pressure not responding to fluid replacement
71
What is the treatment for hypoglycemia?
Administer 15g of sugar, wait 15 min and re-treat if necessary
72
What are common symptoms of hyperglycemia?
*Blurred vision *Fatigue *Excessive thirst *Frequent urination
73
Fill in the blank: Regular exercise is very important for _______.
Diabetes Mellitus
74
What is the fasting plasma glucose level that indicates diabetes?
>7 mmol/L or >126 mg/dL
75
What is a tumor or neoplasm?
An abnormal growth of new tissue that is nonfunctional and competes for vital blood supply and nutrients ## Footnote Tumors can be benign or malignant, and they can develop from or within tissue in a localized area.
76
What is the most significant symptom of a growing neoplasm?
PAIN
77
Define malignant tumor.
A tumor that can invade and metastasize; may metastasize to bone
78
What is a benign tumor?
Local, slow growing, usually encapsulated and noninvasive
79
What is metastasis?
Cancer cells travel through the bloodstream and begin growing far away from the original tumor site
80
Which cancers commonly metastasize?
Breast, lung, prostate, kidney, thyroid
81
List some carcinogens.
* Chemical (asbestos, smoking) * Radiation (x-rays, sun exposure) * Viral (Herpes, HBPV) * Genetic factors * Dietary factors (obesity, high fat diet, diet low in vitamins) * Psychological factors (chronic stress)
82
What is the incidence of cancer in Canadians?
2 of 5 Canadians will get cancer, 1 in 4 will die from cancer
83
What are the most common types of cancer in males?
* Prostate * Lung * Colon
84
What are the most common types of cancer in females?
* Breast * Lung * Colon
85
What types of cancers have the highest mortality in males?
* Lung * Colorectal * Prostate * Pancreas
86
What types of cancers have the highest mortality in females?
* Lung * Breast * Colorectal * Pancreas
87
Define carcinoma.
Cancers that arise from epithelial and glandular tissue
88
Define sarcoma.
Cancers that arise from connective tissue and muscle
89
Define lymphoma.
Cancers that arise from lymph node tissues
90
What is Hodgkin’s disease?
A malignant disorder characterized by painless, progressive enlargement of lymphoid tissue
91
What is the difference between Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Hodgkin's is characterized by painless lymph node enlargement; Non-Hodgkin's has many types, some rapid and some slow growing
92
What are leukemias and myelomas?
Cancers that affect blood and blood-forming organs
93
What is osteosarcoma?
A malignant bone-forming tumor that occurs at either end of long bones and is painful
94
What is the leading cause of death among cancers?
Lung cancer
95
What are the types of lung cancer?
* Small cell * Non-Small cell (Squamous Cell, Adenocarcinoma, Large cell)
96
What is a risk factor for lung cancer?
Smoking
97
What is the second leading cause of cancer death?
Colon cancer
98
What is a common treatment for prostate cancer?
Surgery, external beam radiation
99
What is renal cell carcinoma?
Signs include hematuria, weight loss, fatigue, fever, and new onset of abdominal/flank/back pain
100
What are the three types of skin cancer?
* Basal Cell * Squamous Cell * Melanoma
101
What does the ABCDE rule help identify?
Abnormal skin lesions
102
What are the stages of cancer?
* Stage 0: carcinoma in situ * Stage 1-3: cancer has extended into surrounding tissue * Stage 4: cancer has spread to different organs
103
What is a sentinel lymph node dissection?
A procedure to locate the sentinel lymph node and check for cancer
104
What are common side effects of chemotherapy?
* Fatigue * Alopecia * Mucositis * Pulmonary fibrosis * Cardiotoxicity * Renal failure * Sterility * Myalgia * Peripheral neuropathy * Bone marrow depression
105
What are cytotoxic precautions?
Contact precautions to prevent absorption of chemotherapy through the skin
106
What are some general recommendations for physical therapy treatment for cancer patients?
* Fatigue management * Function and mobility management * Bed mobility and positioning * Physical symptom management * Psychological symptom management
107
What are the two types of lymphedema?
* Primary: rare, inherited condition * Secondary: due to identifiable damage or obstruction of lymph vessels and nodes
108
What are some functions of the lymphatic system?
* Return interstitial fluid to venous system * Defense against microorganisms * Absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins
109
List some ways to reduce the risk of lymphedema.
* Protect your arm or leg * Rest your arm or leg while recovering * Avoid heat on your arm or leg * Elevate arm/leg * Avoid tight clothing * Keep your limb clean
110
What are cancer exercise precautions?
* Swollen ankle * Fatigue * Vomiting and diarrhea * Unexplained weight loss/gain * Shortness of breath with low level of exertion * Anemia * Low platelets * Low WBC
111
What are contraindications for exercise in cancer patients?
* Racing pulse * Fever * Pain in back, neck, or bone * Calf pain * Chest pain * Nausea while exercising * Confusion or disorientation * Dizziness or fainting * Blurred vision * Sudden shortness of breath * Very weak or tired
112
What are red flag cancer questions?
* Unexplained weight loss? * Night pain? * Night sweats? * Feeling of malaise?

PCE (11 decks)

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