Overcoming Host Immune System

Question 1

what are primary pathogens?

Answer 1

ALWAYS cause disease
things that we don’t carry in our normal flora

Question 2

what are 3 examples of primary pathogens?

Answer 2

N. gonorrhoea
Ebola
HIV

Question 3

what are potential pathogens?

Answer 3

sometime cause disease
depends on time and place
normal in some areas, not in others

Question 4

what is an example of a potential pathogen?

Answer 4

E. coli
normal in gu

Question 5

what is a non-pathogen?

Answer 5

NEVER cause disease
unless its the “wrong” patient

Question 6

what is an example of a non-pathogen?

Answer 6

lactobacillus

Question 7

what are virulence factors?

Answer 7

help organism cause disease or evade immune responses

Question 8

what are 3 examples of virulence factors?

Answer 8

toxin production
capsule
biiofilm

Question 9

above the belt

Answer 9

gram positives

Question 10

below the belt

Answer 10

gram negatives

Question 11

normal flora of the skin

Answer 11

staphylococci
corynebacteria (diphtheroids)

Question 12

normal flora of the respiratory tract

Answer 12

staphylococcus
S. pneumo
S. epidermis
viridian streptococcus
H. influenzae
anaerobes

Question 13

why does the oral flora change hen teeth come in?

Answer 13

get. more anaerobic bacteria which produce gases

Question 14

is the upper GI mostly aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 14

aerobic

Question 15

is the lower GI mostly aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 15

anaerobic

Question 16

normal flora of the GI tract is mostly __________

Answer 16

gram negatives

Question 17

normal flora of the GI

Answer 17

enterococcus
E. coli
klebsiella
Streptococcus
lactobacillus
candida

Question 18

normal flora of the GU tract

Answer 18

lactobacillus
GBS

Question 19

the bladder is ________

Answer 19

sterile

Question 20

in females, the normal flora of the GU tract is similar to _____________, except during ___________

Answer 20

skin flora
except during puberty

Question 21

what I the leading cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea?

Answer 21

C. diff

Question 22

how do antibiotics lead to C. diff?

Answer 22

wipe out normal flora allowing C. diff spores to colonize gut

Question 23

dysbiosis of the vaginal tract increases risk for _________

Answer 23

bacterial vaginosis

Question 24

what is a sign of bacterial vaginosis?

Answer 24

absence of lactobacillus
presence of clue cells

Question 25

what are the non-specific hot defenses of the eyes?

Answer 25

blinking tears

Question 26

what are the non-specific hot defenses of the skin?

Answer 26

normal flora structural barroer weat

Question 27

what are the non-specific defenses of the respiratory tract?

Answer 27

normal flora coughing sneezing mucociliary elevator

Question 28

what are the non-specific defenses of the GI tract?

Answer 28

normal flora acidity

Question 29

what are the non-specific defenses of the GU tract?

Answer 29

normal flora acidity peeing

Question 30

what are the 2 type of immunity? are they specific/non-specific? do they have memory?

Answer 30

1. innate: nonspecific + no memory 2. adaptive: specific + memory

Question 31

what are the 2 lines of innate immunity?

Answer 31

1. barriers 2. immune response

Question 32

what is involved in the second line of defence (innate immunity)?

Answer 32

inflammation fever neutrophils phagocytes natural killer cells

Question 33

what is involved in he adaptive immune response?

Answer 33

T cells receive message from phagocytes T cells attack infected cells and inform B cells B cells produce antibodies memory cells are produced and stored

Question 34

what is the speed of response for innate immunity?

Answer 34

rapid

Question 35

what is the speed of response for adaptive immunity?

Answer 35

initially: slow subsequent infection: fast

Question 36

what're the 2 types of antibodies produced by B cells?

Answer 36

1. IgM = early, short lived 2. IgG = late, long lived

Question 37

what is the only type of antibody that can be transmitted transplacentally?

Answer 37

IgG

Question 38

where are biofilms often formed?

Answer 38

prosthetic devices

Question 39

what do biofilms prevent?

Answer 39

penetration of antibiotics

Question 40

what do biofilms facilitate?

Answer 40

quorum sensing bacterial communication

Question 41

what are capsules?

Answer 41

thick polysaccharide layer help bacteria avoid phagocytosis

Question 42

what is a more effective mechanism of immune evasion?

Answer 42

toxic production

Question 43

what are the 3 types of toxins?

Answer 43

endotoxins exotoxins exotoxins (gut)

Question 44

what are 3 examples of bacteria that produce toxins?

Answer 44

C. diff S. aureus GAS

Question 45

antigenic DRIFT

Answer 45

gradual changes result from mutations vaccine is effective for new strain

Question 46

antigenic SHIFT

Answer 46

major changes results from strains combining to form new subtypes vaccine will not work

Question 47

antigenic drift and shift is common with the _________ virus

Answer 47

influenza