Law of thermodynamic
Understand why energy flow in a certain direction
First law
First law of thermodynamic: energy is not created nor destroyed
(just changes form)
(untrue on quantum level)
(sun energy to corn to corn used to make ATP to ATP used to capture carbon from the atmosphere and stored in kernels to kernels that dry out to make seeds to)
(Sunlight energy to fixed carbohydrate)
(Energy get transfer along the way as heat, so energy to make corn + heat release= the amount of energy)
Second law-Entropy
entropy-disorder, the entropy of its systems and its surrounding must increase
-entropy of the universe is always increasing)
-move toward higher entropy
room become messier over time
-entropy is always increasing
entropy measure- measure of how dispersed the energy is among of systems in how it contains energy
-solid has lower entropy than liquid- because liquid more disorder
-heat from coffee goes to hand because more disorder or energy dispersed that way
-unit: (joules per kelvin)
-energy distributed in a systems
Third law
a perfectly cyrstalline solid at absolue zero has entropy at zero becaeue this is the most ordered state you can be in
enthalpy
enery in a systems
Gibbs free energy(G)
Tells us about the spontaneity of process
G=H-T(traingle)S
G=Change in enthalpy-change in temp.Chnage in entropy
if delta g is negative than=Spontaneous(h is - and TS is +)(favorable)
if delta g is positive than= not Spontaneous(h is + and TS is -)(unfavorable)
Both (+ enertgetnically unfavorabale and entrophically favorable) are spntaneuos at higher temperatures
Both (- enertgetnically favorabale and entrophically unfavorable) are spntaneuos at higher temperatures
Why can happen spontauously
entrophically unfavorable can be spontnoaus at lower temperatures if they are energetically favorable
soap
soap-polar heads and non polar tails
(spontanous form structure called micelles and strtcure increase ion-dipole intercations with water molecules to lower the energy of the
system.)All washes aways because micelles are water soluble due to the polar heads facing out
-tails trap dirt by making vanderwalls interactiosn
diret and grime are nonpolar
water is polar
-happen sponotus if enthalpically favoriable or energy storing
-defies entropy on a long scale but hold true in the entropy of the universe is increasing
homeostastasis
Homeostasis-cell want to keep their internal condition(ph, temp.,protein expression, salt concentration) consistent
-Like a thermostatic changes to meet if high or low but if you take all changes together it stays Ina range
(P.)Homeostasis–maintains interval condition within a range of acceptable extremes
Heat in systems and in cells
Heat performs work
Boiling-When heat energy is applied to water and increases the kinetic energy of water molecules
Process: water boiling to create steam (like power plant with coal) to steam used to spinning turbine and turbine have magnet that spin to create electricity
Process in the Cell: Cell take energy in the from of a chemical bond and convert it into another form which is a chemical bond which is easier to access. When they break chemical bond they release heat
make electricity to electricity
heat boil to steam to move a turbine to produce electricity
(cell take energy from chemical bond to another create new chemcial bond).
breaking of a chemical bond releases heat
Energy Transfer is inconsistent
H=enthalpy: total heat energy in a system or total energy in the reaction
-large pot at 100C and small pot at 100C, the large pot has more enthalpy
-same temperature(average kineic energy of molecule) and molecules move at the same rate but more total heat in this
G=Energy free(gibbs free energy): energy free to do work or the energy available to do work
-If you want a reaction, you want to know how much energy you can play with which is Gibbs free energy
S = entropy: randomness of moelcules or randomness in the systems
-universe-thing goes toward disorder
-body with eventually decompose
-room goes toward dirty
-universe is expanding and molecules are moving further apart, so entropy is increasing
-you can increase order, but it is always temporary
Energy transfer Equation
Equation(delta G= delta H-S*T)
delta mean change in (whatever the letter is)
-G is spontaneous
+G nonspontaneous
Equation letter meaning:
G-Gibbs free energy(Joules(measure of energy)/mole(unit of thing) reaction)
H-Enthalpy
S-entropy
T-temperature
Example: Plant building a log and that reaction is not spontaneous (that reaction require input of energy which is positive G)
Measure of Equation: Joules/mole reaction(unit of molecules)(1 mole is something atom weight in gram)
18 grams is one mole of water
Where is energy in a molecules
Energy in molecule is its bonds
-Lipids have the most bond or most black line
-Animal cell and plant cell use energy in chemical bond to convert energy from one form to another and use energy for processes
What is ATP
ATP:ATP links 3 repellant phosphate look like nucleic acid(important)
ATP is what type of macromolecule: nucleic acid because it has ribose sugar, base and 3 phosphate group instead of one
Most energy you use in the body is: nucleic acid not carbohydrates
Phosphate on ATP: They have a negative charge on them which is like putting three powerful magnets that don’t want to go together but it easy to break but a lot of energy and ATP evolved in this way because it is easy to break
Measuring energy in covalent bonds and calories
Bond calorimeter-Used to measure kilojoule of energy and you have chamber with electrodes in it and you burn molecules and measure how much heat is released into this water
-burn Hershey get calories but kilocalories
-500 Calories energy raise 500,000 grams or 500 kilograms water
Calories: heat energy require to raise grams of water to 1C
Thermometer in caloriimer: Measure heat release which is heat or H of reaction
Heat release: measure kj, calories
Redox and Oxidized reactions
Redox reaction-It is the transfer of electrons and when thing gain electrons they are said to be reduced
Oxidized-When you lose electron in reaction
glycolysis
Glycolysis-oxidation of glucose to make ATP
-reaction that break down sugars while producing ATP and it .oxidize glucose and energy in electron is stores in temporary from and other convert to ATP that can be used as cash inside the cell
-10 reaction break down glucose into 3 carbon molecules-pyruvate and Also produce NADH make ATP later
-reaction take place in cytostome of the cell and is enzymatic reaction to break down sugar is glycolysis
-Cancer cell to glycolysis well that they outgrow their blood supply and where it gets it ATP from
-If no oxygen around all you can do is glycolysis and fermentation(done to regenerate NADH)(pyruvate become lactic acid and when you run out oxygen you make lactic acid and it build up in muscle and you can convert to pyruvate when you get oxygen)
-Yeast makes ethanol
Aerobic Respiration process stage 1
and Draw(ASK ABOUT STAGE 2 of what is in cytoplasm)
(ASK about STAGE 3 Kreb cycle making ATP in 4 carbons molecule)
Stage 1-Glycolosis (happen in cytoplasm’s) (doesn’t require oxygen)(Anarobic)(adding ATP makes reactions spontaneous)
1.Glucose (6 carbon long)
2.Spends one ATP by splitting ATP to ADP to put phosphate on the end of glucose to make Glucose 6 Phosphate
3.Glucose 6 Phosphate rearranges to make Fructose 6 Phosphate(rate limiting step)
4.Fructose 6 phosphate and spend another ATP to ADP to put Phosphate on it to make Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate (carbon 1 and 6 have phosphate on them)
5.Spit into group of 2 with 3 carbons with
one phosphate in each: Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate(same happening on each side)
6.Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate rearranges and pick up phosphate from cytoplasm to create 1, 3 bisphosphoglycerate(charge battery making NAD to NADH which is reduction that will be used in stage 4)
- 1, 3 bisphosphoglycerate take phosphate off to turn ADP to make ATP to create 3 phosphoglycerates (which make you net zero at this point)
- 3 phosphoglycerates goes to 2 phosphoglycerate by moving the phosphate around
9.2 phosphoglycerate rearranges carbons around to make phosphoenolpyruvate
- Take phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate to make ATP to get pyruvate that a 3 carbon molecule
(At the end you make net 2 , spent 2 and made 4 ATP)(By the end you get 2 pyruvate)
STAGE 2-5(Happen in mitochondria)(Product of last step is (pyruvate +coenzymes to get through both membranes)
STAGE 2
1.3 carbons pyruvate +conenzymes
2 One of the carbon leave as CO2 you breath out to make Acetyl-CoA(Oxidized version of NAD to NADH which is reduction and charging up a battery) to get through membranes (you make 2 ATPS)
STAGE 3-Citric acid cycle-TCA-Kreb cycle(breakdwon fat, protein, and carb must go through stage 3)(happens in matrix)
1.Acetyl(2 carbon molecules) added to 4 carbon molecules that was already there and CoA get taken off to get 6 carbon long called citrate
2.reaarange to 6 carbon molecule
- rearrange to 6 Carbon molecules and take NAD to make NADH which is reduced by adding an H+
4.6 Cabon molecules to 5 carbon molecules by getting rid of CO2
- 5 carbon molecules turn into 4 carbon molecules by getting rid of CO2 and NAD to NADH by adding an H+ which meaning being reduced
- 4 carbon molecules, ADP to make ATP
7.4 carbon molecules, FAD to make FADH2 is reduction(electron carrior)
8.4 carbon molecules,AD to NADH by adding an H+ which meaning being reduced
9.4 carbon moecules + Acetyl-COA to make 6 carbon meocluels and start all over again
By the end you only make 2 ATP
By the end you make 6 NADH
By the end you make 2 FADH
(Loose a couple of carbon)
(Get reducing power and reducing power that will be used in the next step)
(every 2 carbon you go through the citric acid cycle)
STAGE 4-ELCTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
outer membrane, intermembrane, intermember space, inner membrane (the last thing to carry electron is oxygen)(needs oxygen)
Inner membrane is (0% protein with a few phospholipids and the protein pass electron from one carrier tot eh next and NADH electron are high energy that are getting passed down from high energy to low energy in electron transport chain
1.Take electron(down hill) from NADH and FADH2 and loose electron and the energy they lose is used to push protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space to create gradient and protons goes against the gradient already their because their being pushed ((electron
(Take downhill) from NADH and FADH2 and goes from one carrier to another until it gets to oxygen)
(make 3 ATP)
STAGE 5:-Electron transport chain
1.Protons are going back to the matrix because of gradient go through channel called the f-complex and the complex is an enzymes that uses gradient or movement of protons to create ATP
2. As proton go trhough the physically turn around putting ADP and phosphate to create ATP
(Need oxygen)(Most ATP comes from stage 5 like you make 3 in the other cycle in this step you would make 33 ATP)(Dont get the same amount of ATP out of glucose like if they are making protein at the time, the ATP from glucose makes can change)
NOTES
-Enzymes: phosphofrutoskose kinase which 3 enzymes
-ATP cosumed in 1 and 3 step and wwas catazylnes by kinase(irreversable)
-Next 5 step produce energy
4 ATP produce in Gycolsis in 7 and 10 by kinase
2 NADH formed in 6 step by enzymes called dehydrogenase(electon carrier with potenial to make ATP trhough Oxidative phosphorylation)
reaction(step 7 is reveraible) and step 10 is irrevessible
-
ATP
-Adenasine triphosphate
-type of nucleic aci packed with phospahtes
-porkaryote and eukaryote both use ATP but made different in each
Aerobic cellular respiration
Eukaryotyes-nulceus and mitocondria-animals, fungi,protist, and plants
Cell respiration
INputs:Glucose +oxygen
Output:water, carbon dicoide, and ATP
photsysthesis
input:carbon dixoide and water
output:gluscose and oxygen
-bean can’t do photosythesis but use glusoce/startch to to celllular repsiraiton
cellular respiration
1.Glycolosis
-in cyctoplasm
-doesn’t require oxygen
-anarobic
Glucose-pyruvate
take 1 ATP-(2 of each pyruvate, NADH(Co enzymes that carry electrons), ATP)
2.Intermediate step(2 Pyruvate transported by mitocondria in the matrix to be oxizided into 2 acetyl Coa, also cabron dixoide is relased and 2 NADH are made
3.Kreb cycle
-Happen in mirocondia matrix
-Areobic
Input: 2 acetyl Coa,
Output:2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH(coenzymes that also carries electrons)
4.(3)Electron transport chain
-Happen in mitocondria in the insides of the inner membrane
-areaobic
-electron transfered from NADH and FADH to protein complex and electron carriors to create proton gradient because protons pumped across to the intermembrance space which create checmial and electrical gradient
-Ion cant travel easily trhouhg memebrance without something to travel by ATP systhase an enzyme.
-ATP sythase add phophate to ADP to make ATP
-oxygen final acceptor of electons with 2 hydrogen to to get water
-electron transport chain make the most ATP
Glucose per ATP
depends on variables like how many proton pump across the mitocondrial membrane
26-34 ATP per gluscose in ellectron chain
Add other steps 30-38 ATP
No Oxygen avaiable
-some cells perform fermntation
can make ATP when no oxygen
photosynthesis
some protist, plant and bacteria can do this too
not animals and amoeba
-produces oxygens
Photosynthesis reactions
carbon dixoide + water use light as energy to produce glucose and oxygen
-make glucose but need light and so it use light capturing molecules called pigments which is chlorphyll-absorbs red and blue light not green light and reflect green light so plamts are green
but what you rflect is what color they are
Reaction in choroplast that makeup photosythesis
-light dependent reaction-happen in thylakoids that contain pigment(light captured and water split to get electron, protons, and oxygen, product also ATP and NADH)
-light independent reactions-calvin cycle(happen in the cholorplast but in the stroma)carbon dixoide taken in by pores on the bottom of the leaf called stomata and enzymes changes inorganic carbon to more organic form and ATP from other recation become light currency and the NADPH will supply reducing power meaning it adds high energy electron to the process
-Fixed carbon+ATP+NADPH=Glucose
Cactus-if they open stomata to get carbon they loose water so it does CAM photosythesis-open stomatat at night
Draw Mitochondrion and what stage cellular respiration Happen in it
2 membranes
stage 1-cytoplasm(outside of organelle)
stage 2-starts outside in the cytoplasm and ends in matrix)
stage 3-happen in matrix
stage 4-On the inner membrane(H+/protons from matrix to intermembrane space against the concentration gradient which is low to high which takes energy which come from electron down hill)
Stage 5-on the inner( membrane(ATP generation)(H+/protons from intermembrane space to matrix and gradient from high to low)
