P2 - Visual, Auditory, Vestibular Flashcards
(55 cards)
1
Q
Superior Rectus
A
- elevate eye
- causes cornea to move superiorly
- innervated by CN III
2
Q
Inferior Rectus
A
- depress eye, downgaze
- innervated by CN III
3
Q
Medial Rectus
A
- adduct eye
- works in conjunction w/ lateral rectus to look side-to-side
- innervated by CN III
4
Q
Lateral Rectus
A
- abduct eye
- works on conjunction w/ medial rectus to look side-to-side
- innervated by CN VI
5
Q
Superior Oblique
A
- move eye down + out
- rotate eye inward (intorsion)
- innervated by CN IV
6
Q
Inferior Oblique
A
- externally rotate, elevate, and abduct eye
- innervated by CN III
7
Q
CN III Lesion
A
- diplopia, ptosis, mydriasis
- CN III … eye positioned down + out
8
Q
CN IV Lesion
A
unable to look down + in (head tilt orientation)
9
Q
CN VI Lesion
A
unable to abduct eye, diplopia
10
Q
Optic Nerve
A
connection b/w eye and brain, from retina to chiasm
11
Q
Optic Tract
A
connection b/w chiasm and visual cortex
12
Q
Optic Chiasm
A
- formed when optic nerves come together to allow crossing of some optic fibers
- enables vision from one side of both eyes to be processed by contralateral occipital cortex
13
Q
Hypothalamus (visual)
A
pupil dilation (sympathetic NS) + constriction (parasympathetic NS)
14
Q
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
A
- in thalamus
- relay center for visual pathway, receiving major sensory input from retina
15
Q
Superior Colliculi
A
integrates visual, auditory, and somatosensory spatial information to initiate movement of eye + head toward object/stimulus
16
Q
Pretectum
A
- visuomotor behaviors
- receives afferents from retina + optic tectum
17
Q
Primary Visual Cortex
A
receives, segments, and integrates visual information
18
Q
Calcarine Fissure
A
- separates upper + lower visual world
- location of primary visual interpretation for color, form, and motion
19
Q
Cuneus (upper bank)
A
- smaller lobe in occipital lobe involved in basic visual processing
- receives visual information from contralateral superior retina, representing inferior visual field
20
Q
Lingula (lower bank)
A
- processing vision, identification and recognition of words
- aka occipitotemporal gyrus
21
Q
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
A
divides occipital lobes from parietal + temporal lobes
22
Q
CN III (oculomotor)
A
movement of eye muscles (up, down, in), pupil constriction, opens eyelid, focus eye
23
Q
CN IV (trochlear)
A
movement of eye muscles (down, in)
24
Q
CN VI (abducens)
A
movement of eye muscles (abduct/out)
25
Frontal Eye Field of Cortex
- role in control of visual attention and eye movements
- voluntary control of conjugate (horizontal) eye movements
26
Visual Pathway
retina > optic nerve > optic chiasm > optic tract > lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus) > optic radiations > visual cortex
27
Lesion in Optic Nerve
ipsilateral eye blindness
28
Lesion in Optic Chiasm
bilateral heteronymous hemianopsia
- vision loss in outer half of visual field in each eye
29
Lesion in Optic Tract
homonymous hemianopsia
- vision loss in same half of visual field of both eyes
- loss of contralateral visual field (ie. R side lesion > loss of L visual field)
30
Lesion in Meyer's Loop
contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia
- "pie in the sky"
- vision loss in same half of superior visual field of both eyes
31
Lesion in Visual Cortex
cortical blindness w/ macular sparing
- unilateral lesions = homonymous hemianopsia, scotomas (blind spots)
32
CN VIII (cochlear nuclei)
hearing
33
Superior Olive
sound localization
34
Nucleus of Lateral Lemniscus
process duration of complex sounds
35
Reticular Formation
activating effect of sound in CNS
36
Inferior Colliculi
main brainstem relay nuclei for auditory information (localization, pitch, rhythm, etc)
37
Medial Geniculate Nucleus
- in thalamus
- relay center for auditory pathway, directing auditory attention
38
Primary Auditory Cortex
- identifies pitch + loudness
- receives input from medial geniculate nucleus
39
Secondary Auditory Cortex
sound localization, analysis of complex sounds, role in auditory memory
40
Wernicke's Area
language comprehension
41
Internal Acoustic Meatus
allow passes of CN VIII, CN VI, and labyrinthine
42
Auditory Pathway
sound waves come into ear > vibrate fluid in cochlea > stimulate hair cells > depolarization of hair cells sends signals to cochlear nucleus > superior olive > inferior colliculus > medial geniculate nucleus (thalamus) > primary auditory cortex
43
Semicircular Canals
- anterior = forward + backward head movement (nodding)
- posterior = tilting of head (towards shoulder)
- horizontal = horizontal head movement (shaking)
44
Utricle
orientation and static balance, particularly in horizontal movement
45
Saccule
orientation and balance, particularly in vertical movement
46
CN VIII (vestibular nuclei)
provides information about one's body in space and time
47
CN XI (accessory)
helps move head and keeps it oriented
48
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus
integrates movements of eyes and head to maintain balance
49
Vestibulocerebellum
controls balance and eye movement
50
Medial Vestibulospinal Tract
- synchronization of eye and head movement
- occurs so eyes do not lag behind when head moves
51
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
coordinate orientation of head and body in space
52
Reticulospinal Tract
controls posture to help orient head
53
Vestibular Cortex
integration and processing of sensory inputs from vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems, contributing to self-motion perception
54
Central Vestibular System
CN VIII, vestibular nuclei, motor pathways, cerebellum
55
Peripheral Vestibular System
semicircular canals, otoliths (utricle, saccule)
