P35 - Electrolytes

Question 1

Cl follows ___ and is exchanged for ____

Answer 1

• Na

- HCO3

Question 2

[HCO3] = [total ___ content]

Answer 2

• CO2

Question 3

metabolic alkalosis - ______ HCO3 associated with ___ loss or ____ production

Answer 3

• increase
• H
• HCO3

Question 4

metabolic acidosis - ____ HCO3 associated with too much ___ and ___ loss

Answer 4

• decrease
• H
• HCO3

Question 5

extracellular fluid spaces (1, 2, 3)

Answer 5

1 - intravascular, in vessels
2 - interstitial, outside vessels
3 - cavities, in peritoneal or pleural cavities

Question 6

serum [Na] and [Cl] controlled by regulation of (2)

Answer 6

• regulation of blood volume

- regulation of plasma osmolality

Question 7

decrease blood volume stimulates (3) hormones

Answer 7

• increase RAAS -> increase Na & Cl retention
• increase ADH -> increase H2O retention
• decrease ANP -> decrease Na & Cl excretion

Question 8

increase plasma osmolality stimulates (2) hormones

Answer 8

• increase ADH -> increase H2O retention

- thirst centers -> increase H2O intake

Question 9

hypernatremic dehydration is caused by

Answer 9

• pure H2O loss

Question 10

normonatremic dehydration is caused by

Answer 10

• Na & Cl loss with H2O loss

Question 11

hyponatremic dehydration is caused by

Answer 11

• Na & Cl loss with H2O loss, then drinking water

Question 12

major mechanisms for hypernatremia & increase Cl (2)

Answer 12

• decrease H2O (dehydrated)

- increase Na & Cl

Question 13

major mechanisms for hyponatremic and decrease Cl (5)

Answer 13

• edematous (H2O retention > Na&Cl retention)
• dehydrated (Na&Cl loss > H2O loss)
• hypoadrenocorticism (Addison’s)
• marked hyponatremia (loop of Henle failure)
• renal Na loss with anions

Question 14

how does hypoadrenocorticism cause hyponatremic and decrease Cl

Answer 14

• decrease aldosterone production -> loss of Na & Cl
• decrease cortisol production -> decrease inhibition of ADH release -> increase ADH -> increase H2O retention -> dilutes Na&Cl -> decrease Na&Cl concentration

Question 15

how can uroperitoneum cause hyponatremic and decrease Cl

Answer 15

• Na&Cl poor urine enters peritoneal cavity -> plasma Na&Cl diffuse into peritoneal cavity and move down concentration gradient -> decrease Na&Cl concentration

Question 16

how does marked hyperglycemia cause hyponatremic and decrease Cl

Answer 16

• H2O out of cells -> dilutes ECF [Na] & [Cl] -> decrease Na&Cl concentration
• glucosuria -> diuresis (polyuria) -> increase renal H2O loss and some Na&Cl loss

Question 17

bicarbonate (HCO3) concentration needs to be an anaerobic or aerobic sample

Answer 17

• anaerobic

Question 18

aerobic handling of sample, increase [PO4] causes metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Answer 18

• acidosis

Question 19

vomiting and abomasal disorders cause metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

Answer 19

• alkalosis

Question 20

pH is decreasing

Answer 20

• acidosis

Question 21

pH is increasing

Answer 21

• alkalosis

Question 22

pH < reference interval

Answer 22

• acidemia

Question 23

pH > reference interval

Answer 23

• alkalemia

Question 24

2 sites of bicarb formation and pathogenesis

Answer 24

• kidney and stomach

- increase aldosterone -> conserves Na&Cl and excrete K -> excretes H, produces more HCO3

Question 25

major mechanisms for increase HCO3 disorders with metabolic alkalosis in ruminants (2) and in dogs & cats (1)

Answer 25

- abomasal displacement and torsion | - pyloric obstruction

Question 26

major mechanisms for decrease HCO3 disorders - metabolic acidosis (3)

Answer 26

- decrease renal loss of H - increase H production - increase HCO3 loss

Question 27

lactic acidosis and ketoacidosis cause increase or decrease H production

Answer 27

- increase

Question 28

renal failure, urinary obstruction, uroperitoneum cause an increase or decrease renal loss of H

Answer 28

- decrease renal loss of H

Question 29

diarrheas, renal tubular acidosis, ruminant "choke" cause an increase or decrease HCO3 loss

Answer 29

- increase HCO3 loss

Question 30

hypercholremia can be caused by (2)

Answer 30

- increase [Na] (not equal) | - decrease [HCO3] (equal)

Question 31

hypochloremia can be caused by (3)

Answer 31

- decrease Na - increase [HCO3] - increase [A]

Question 32

primary route of K excretion

Answer 32

- kidneys | - increase aldosterone secretion

Question 33

insulin and epinephrine increase __ entry into cells

Answer 33

- K

Question 34

- academia due to metabolic acidosis - decrease renal excretion - pseudohyperkalemia all cause increase or decrease in K

Answer 34

- increase (hyperkalemia)

Question 35

pathogenesis of academia due to metabolic acidosis causing hyperkalemia

Answer 35

- reduced renal excretion of H -> academia -> H moves into cell & K moves out -> hyperkalemia

Question 36

oliguric states, uroperitoneum, Addison's disease all cause increase or decrease of K

Answer 36

- increase

Question 37

how does Addison's disease (hypoadrenocorticism) cause increase K

Answer 37

- adrenocortical hypoplasia -> decrease aldosterone -> decrease Na, K, ATPase pump -> decrease K secretion in distal nephron -> decrease renal excretion K -> hyperkalemia

Question 38

in vitro hemolysis causes a pseudohyperkalemia in what species

Answer 38

- horses - cattle - Akita - Shibas

Question 39

marked thrombocytosis causes

Answer 39

- pseudohyperkalemia

Question 40

- alkalemia due to metabolic alkalosis (vomiting) - anorexia (prolonged) - K loss disorders - shift into cells (insulin stimulated) cause increase or decrease of K

Answer 40

- decrease

Question 41

K loss disorders (3)

Answer 41

- increase renal excretion - increase intestinal loss - cutaneous loss (equine sweat)

Question 42

when acidotic state is fixed, hypokalemia develops in a patient suffering from

Answer 42

- diabetes mellitus

Question 43

anion gap major purpose is to detect

Answer 43

- increase [A] (metabolic acidosis)

Question 44

diseases that can cause an increase anion gap (metabolic acidosis)

Answer 44

- lactic acidosis - ketoacidosis - renal failure (ethylene glycol)

Question 45

osmolality - concentration of solutes per ___

Answer 45

- kg H2O

Question 46

osmalarity - concentration of solutes per __

Answer 46

- L of solution