Pain + Infection

Question 1

Chloroform discovered by

Answer 1

James Simpson and his buds

Question 2

When was chloroform discovered?

Answer 2

1847

Question 3

Why did it face backlash from Church?

Answer 3

Childbirth was meant to be painful apparently

Question 4

Why did it become popular?

Answer 4

Queen Victoria used it in 1853 during the birth of Prince Edward

Question 5

Why was chloroform bad?

Answer 5

Dosage couldn’t be controlled

Question 6

Carbolic spray discovered by?

Answer 6

Lister

Question 7

When was carbolic acid discovered?

Answer 7

1867

Question 8

What was carbolic spray inspired by?

Answer 8

Germ theory

Question 9

Pros of carbolic spray?

Answer 9

Prevented infections
Disinfected/ sterilized medical equipment

Question 10

Short term impacts of carbolic acid?

Answer 10

Longer more complicated operations became possible as less risk of infection

Question 11

Long term impacts of carbolic spray and the work of Lister

Answer 11

Others (Koch) built on his ideas
Equipment was now sterilized
% of patient who died after Lister operated on them fell from 46% to 15%

Question 12

Cons of carbolic spray?

Answer 12

Irritated lungs when inhaled

Irritated patient’s wound

Made surgeon’s hand sore, blistered and cracked

Question 13

Who invented the steam sterilizer in 1878 following lister’s discovery of carbolic spray as an antiseptic in 1867

Answer 13

Koch

Question 14

When did Koch identify the microorganism causing blood poisoning

Answer 14

1878

Question 15

When did Koch invent the steam sterilizer

Answer 15

1878

Question 16

Pasteur showed that microorganisms could be killed by heat, so Koch made the steam sterilizer

Answer 16

//

Question 17

How did surgery become aseptic

Answer 17

• clean, operating theatres
  (Instead of just random, dirty room)
• surgeons would prevent any microorganisms getting anywhere near an open wound
• to prevent infection
• surgeons wore:
• masks
• rubber gloves
• clean clothes
• no spectators
• so no outside microorganisms

Question 18

Where were surgeries carried out to make surgery antiseptic

Answer 18

• clean operating theatres

Question 19

What did surgeons now wear to prevent microorganisms from entering an open wound

Answer 19

• masks over mouths
• rubber gloves
• clean clothes

Question 20

No more spectators allowed in operating theatres, only surgeon + nurses

Answer 20

//

Question 21

How was blood loss initially addressed

Answer 21

• cauterisation
• sometimes even metal clamps

Question 22

What was cauterisation

Answer 22

• painful process
• placing hot iron against the blood vessel and sealing the ends by heat

Question 23

How was blood loss improved and by who

Answer 23

• lister, 1881
• cat-gut ligatures

Question 24

When did lister publish his studies on the use of cat-gut ligatures

Answer 24

• 1881

Question 25

Who published their work on cat-gut ligatures in 1881

Answer 25

Lister

Question 26

How were cat-gut ligatures disinfected

Answer 26

- soaked in carbolic acid

Question 27

What was a benefit of cat-gut ligatures other than stopping blood loss

Answer 27

- dissolved in the body within 2-3 weeks - body could heal properly

Question 28

What was used as a local anaesthetic in 1884

Answer 28

- cocaine

Question 29

Why did doctors search for better anaesthetic than chloroform

Answer 29

- caused sudden deaths during operation

Question 30

What was the name of the safer version of cocaine, developed in 1905

Answer 30

- novocaine

Question 31

When was Novocaine developed

Answer 31

1905

Question 32

Name of the doctor who asked Goodyear rubber company to make rubber gloves for his nurse and why

Answer 32

- dr Halstead Why: - his nurse had eczema - which was severely affected by carbolic acid