Paper 1 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Percentage when Asch made pps give answers in private
A
12.5%
2
Q
Larsen + Daley
A
Report smoke either group of confederates 13% reported or alone 73% reported
3
Q
Number of pps conforms in Perrin and Spencer
A
1/396
4
Q
Asch findings
A
32% of time and 75% at lest once
5
Q
Asch how many in room
A
8
6
Q
Asch number of trials confedarates gave wing answers
A
12/18
7
Q
Asch 1 confederate
A
3%
8
Q
Asch 2 confederates
A
13%
9
Q
Asch 3+ confederate
A
32%
10
Q
Asch dissenter who agrees
A
5.5%
11
Q
Asch dissenter who disagrees
A
9%
12
Q
Asch task difficulty increased
A
More conformity
13
Q
Asch evaluation
A
Androcentric and culture bias Perrin and Spencer uk conformity
High control tested 1 variable at a time
Poor ecological validity
Supports isi and nsi
14
Q
Pps in Zimbardo
A
24 male American college students
15
Q
Pay Zimbardo
A
$14
16
Q
Eval Zimbardo
A
Ethics
Demand charct- cool hand luke prisoner 416 real prison ran by psych
Random allocation increases validity
17
Q
Milgram pps
A
40 men
18
Q
Milgram deception
A
Leaning and memory
19
Q
Milgram volts
A
15 slight shock 450 xxx
20
Q
Milgram 300v
A
Confederate complained banging heart problem
21
Q
Findings Milgram
A
65% 450 all over 300v
22
Q
Milgram evaluation
A
Ethics- distress sweat shake - 83.7% happy they contributed to research rtw encouraged to continue
Ecological validity however relationship between auth fig and pp real
Gender bias
Hoffling nurse lethal injection 21/22 prepared
23
Q
Milgram proximity
A
Victim same room 40%
Authority over phone 23%
24
Q
Milgram location
A
Run down office block - 48%
25
Milgram uniform
Swapped form experimenter in lab coat to regular clothes person 20%
26
Eval Milgram variables
Bickman nyc
Doesn’t explain why disobedience in Milgram origins study
Obedience alibi - excuses people’s behaviour as victims
27
Locus of control ext
Low self confidence belief in fate more likely to obey and conform
28
Internal locus of control
High self confidence and belief responsible for own actions less likely to obey or conform to
29
Locus of control Eval
Holland repeat Milgram but asses loc 37% internal didn’t go to 450 23% externals didn’t go to 450
Twenge met analysis of obedience study over 4 years young people became increasingly external but more disobedient
30
Social support Eval
Allen and levene- 1 dissenter asch type study wore thick glasses addmitted to bad sight agrees with pps and conformity decreased when they were present
Gamson et al put pps in groups to gather evidence against an oil company 29/33 rebelled against the procedure
31
Agency theory
Milgram
Autonomous thinking for self
Agentic shift becoming obedient
Agentic state becoming obedient
Binding factors already been paid, reluctant to disrupt pressure from surroundings
Moral strain- doing something against morals in Agentic state
32
Agency theory evaluation
Cannot explain why some of Milgrams pps disobeyed- doesn’t explain everyone
Blass and Schmidt- obedience alibi - shows Milgram experiment to students- said pp wasn’t responsible
33
Legitimacy of authority
Situational
Based on social hiarchy
People over us have authority
Legitimate - agreed by society
Recognise by uniform appropriate in situations
34
Eval legitimacy of authority
Bickman
Hoffling et al nurses 21/22
35
Authoritarian personality
Dispositional
Adorno
Exaggerated respect for authority and submissive to it - disrespects lower than them- conventional attitudes towards gender and race
Strict parenting in childhood - resentment and hostility in child displaced into those who are weaker
Measured using f- scale
36
Auth personality evaluation
Jahoda criticised it for being politically biased as it doesn’t take into account left wing authoritarianism
Cause and effect - correlations
Elms and Milgram - 20 obedient and 20 disobedient pps - obedient had higher f scale scores and descrived themselves as being less close to fathers.
37
Minority influence moscovici pps
192 women
38
Moscovici group size
6
2 confederate
39
Moscovici constant finding
8.4% adopted minority at least once
40
Moscivici inconsistant finding
Green 24/36 times 1.26% adopted minority at least once
41
Moscovici Eval
Gynocentric- only women- research women more likely to conform
Ethics - deception and consent
Lacks mandane realism - diff from real instances of minority influence such as political campaigns
42
Sensory register duration study
Spearling -grid of 3 rows of 4 letters 50 ms- recall whole grid or a row indicated by tones- whole - 4-5 row 3 items- decayed before complete- short duration
43
Duration stm research
Peterson and Peterson trigrams- recall after 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds- count back in 3s from random number- 3s 80% correctly recalled 18s 10% correct recall
44
Capacity STM research
Miller didget span test - string of numbers +1 until cannot reacall in correct order
7+-2 items
45
duration ltm reserch
Bahrick Yearbook photos recall names - 14 years 90% 47 years 60%
46
Coding in memory research
Baddeley - acoustic sim and dis sim
Semantic sim and dis sim
Immediat acoustic sim worst
20 mins after semantic sim worst
47
LTM Eval
Clive wearing- procedural intact- episodic and semantic effected - limited recollection of events and factual knowledge - lacks gentalisbity- one person cannot explain ltm for population - not replicable
Turving et al - pet scans activity during memory tasks - semantic left prefrontal - episodic right prefrontal
48
MSM Eval
Evidence for stores
Lab studies artificial lack mundane realism and ecological validity
KF - motorcycle visual stm good verbal bad- separate stores in stm - over simplistic
Serial position effect - murdok list of words recall in any order - words beginning primacy and end recency recall best
49
Working memory model
Baddley and hitch - stm model
Central executive limited capacity and controls slave systems
Phonological loop- phonological store - inner ear - acticulary process - inner voice
Visual spatial sketchpad - visual cache- visual information- inner scribe - spatial information
Episodic buffer - combines stores to create episodic memories
50
Wmm evaluation
Baddley et al - describe angles of letter F and follow light worse than a visual and audio task- both visual tasks compute for and store
KF motorcycle accident - visual good verbal bad
Brainscan palvesco et al- pet scan brain activity visual and verbal tasks
Little evidence for CE despite its importance
51
Retroactive interference
New info disrupts old
52
Proactive interface
Old disrupts new
53
Interference Eval
Mc Donald + McGeoh- word list and other wordlist synonyms antonyms un related words numbers, random letters or no list - synonyms worst recall
Ecological validity- real info may be different
Doesn’t explain forgetting dissimilar information
54
Retrieval failure Eval
Godden and Baddley
Contexts strong or no effect
55
Misleading info - leading questions
Lotus and palmer - video car crash - how fast were the cars when the smashed , bumped, hit, contacted or collided- smashed highest 40.5mph contacted lowest 31.8 mph -1 week follow up - glass - smashed said they did see glass but none
56
Misleading information post wvent discussion
Gabblt et al pps paired watched scale crime but diff angles- discussed what the saw - interviewed- 71% reports somthing from other pair- retroactive interference
57
Misleading info eval
Practical application- greater understanding of factors which effect ewt- cog integer avoids lq
Sci cred - both high control - L&P same conditions but verb change gbt- standardised discussion and video- high internal validaty
Eco validtib- emotions not present in real life crime- consequences more severe in real life
58
Anxiety on ewt loftus
Pps waiting in reception alone- non weapon overhear convo greasy hand pen- weapon argument smashing bloody knife - 50 men 49% correctly identified in non weapon
33% in weapon
59
Anxiety on ewt eval
Yulle+ cutshall- case study real fife shooting Canada gun store - owner shot theif- 13/21 took part in interview 4 months after- rated anxiet from 1-10 - more stressed = more accurate
Unethical to crate anxiet in pps
No control over extrenious variables such as post event discussion
60
Cognitive interview eval
Geiselman et al - students shown crime video- standard or cognitive interview - cog interviews more accurate recall
Time consuming- police officers must be trained and takes longer to get good report- police more reluctant to do it properly- decreases accuracy of recall
Some more valuable than others - singly they are all more effective than standard interview but report everything and reinstate context together best out of all combos
Enhanced cognitive interview- dynamic between ew and interviewer- eye contact to reduce anxiety - constantly better than standard
61
What is an attachment
A strong emotional bond between 2 people
62
International synchrony
Infant reacts in time to caregivers speech- “convostaional dance”
63
Reprocity
Infant and care giver take turns in responding to each others actions
64
Evidence reprocity
Tronick- mother stops responding to baby- baby try’s to get a response- baby becomes distressed - shows imprtace of reprocity
65
Evidence interactional synchrony
Isabella et al 30 mothers and infants - higher levels of interactional synchrony - better attachment
66
Infant caregiver interaction evaluation
Babies don’t show demand characteristics
Oostenbork et al- no evidence new borns reliably imitate faces actions or sounds- more methodical rigorous-
Infants interaction may not be meaningful - no motor coordination
67
Asocial stage
O-3 months- no preference for people but preference to faces
68
Indiscriminate stage
2-7 months - prefer people to non people- comforted by anyone - recognise specific people
69
Discriminate stage
7-12 months - only comforted by one person, stranger anxiety and separation anxiety
70
Multiple attachment
1 year + comforted my multiple people
71
Schaffer and Emerson
60 Glasgow’s infants 0-18 months observed in homes and interviewd parents- Schaffer’s stages occurred and mother primary attachment figure.
72
Stages of attachment eval
Longitudinal- same children assessed regularly- alternuve diff children - limits individual diff and increases internal validity
Ecological validity - observations at own home
Flawed data collection- interviews - social desirability cause misreporting behaviour- effects internal validity
Poor genrulisvilty - Glasgow only 60 years ago - different in different cultures and time periods
73
Father primary caregiver research
Field- face to face interactions between infant and primary mothers primary fathers and secondary fathers
Primary mothers and fathers spent more time interacting than secondary fathers
Level of responsiveness rather than gender
74
Mother naturally more skilled research
Schaffer and Emerson - 7months only 3% fathers attachment- 18 months 75%
75
Fathers play important but diff role
Geiger - play interactions with father more pleasurable and enjoyable while mother more affectionate and nurturing
76
Eval role of father
Economic implications
Inconsistent- some research focused on father as primary whilst others focused on secondary meaning firm conclusions can’t be drawn
Ignores other factors - degree of sensitivity, relationship with own parent and support from partner
Socially sensitivity- impact on single fathers and same sex couples- working mothers
77
Lorenz critical period
4- 25 hrs
78
Lorenz Eval
Genralisbily - geese mobile from birth short critical period - humans immobile longer critical period - limits the extent lorenzs findings can be applied to human attachment
Contradictory research - Guiton chicks imprinted on yellow gloves- when socialised with other chickens they changed sexual mates to other chickens- shows imprinting can be reversed and is learnt
79
Harlow Eval
Control - all monkeys same condition- isolated from birth -internal validity
Ethics- monkeys are sociable - isolation was distressing - long lasting effects
80
Learning theory attachment evaluation
Harlow - monkeys prefer attachment over food
Isabella et al - interactions predicted quality of attachment
Some conditioning may be involved - associate people with comfort- role of food over emphised
Bowlby- innate for survival - explains how and why attachments are made- more comprehensive - doesn’t reduce complex behaviour done to stimulus response associations
81
Bowlby monotopuc critical period
3-6 months
82
Bowlby monotropuc eval
Harlow - iwm
Hazen and shaver love quiz
Interactionist - attachment is an innate ability but iwm learn from experience
Mixed evidence monotropy- Schaffer and Emerson - infants form 1 primary attachment but later form other attachments which can be just as strong as first
Sensitive period - rutter found children adopted 3-4 years can form strong attachments but not as easily
83
Strange situation Eval
Overt- demand characteristics from parents may influence how the child reacts
Culture bias - American mothers and infants- western individualistic ideals of attachment- takahasi Japan stop due to distress
Reliability- controlled conditions- pre established categories - 94% agreement between observers
4th attachment type main and Solomon- insecure disorganised after watching hundreds of strange situation- mistyped children in origanal study
84
Cultural variation Eval
Over rep of individualistic - 27/32- hard to make universal conclusions
Culturally biased method- takahasi Japan- Germany insecure avoidant - independence valued
Greater variance within cultures than between- countries with small samples of strange situation misrepresented
85
Maternal deprivation
Bowlby - 2 1/2 years attachment must form or consequences -
Intellectual development affectionless psycopath
86
Maternal deprivation Eval
44 theifs- 17/44 prolonged separation from mother 14/17 affectioless psychopaths
Lewis 500 young people - history of prolonged separation did not predict criminality
Changes in social policy - mother stay with baby in prison- lower relapse rate and subsequently less children becoming criminals
Rutter- privation vs deprivation- privation no attachment and causes the effects - deprivation broken attachment
87
Institutionalisation
111 Romanian orphans adopted by British families compared to 52 uk adoptees- 1990s Romanian orphanages overcrowded and they lacked sensitivive care or any opportunity to form an attachment
Orphans adopted before 6 months caught up with the uk adoptees
Older than 6 months insecure disinhibeted attachment , low iq physical problems
Uk adoptees showed no problems even when adopted older than 6 months
Effects of privation cannot be reversed and is perment after 6 months
88
Institutionalisation Eval
Change in social policy
Other factors - education nutrition - baby’s adopted before 6 months more socialable- problems to begin with
Genrilsability - extrereme circumstances , most orphanages are not like that
89
Later relationships Eval
Hazen and Shaver love quiz- asses iwm- childhood attaching and current view of love- childhood predicted adult
Correlationonal- cannot establish cause and effect
Retrospective
90
Deviation from social norms Eval
Good face validity- people who deviate from social norms are likely to be suffering from mental health
Cultural variation
91
Statistical infrequency evaluation
Objective
Some statistically rare behaviours are desirable
92
Failure to function adequately criteria
Unpredictably
Observer discomfort
Severe distress
Violate moral standards
Irrational behaviour
93
Failure to function adequately Eval
Good face validity- failing to function signifys mental illness
Subjective- global assessment of functiontioning
94
Divination from ideal mental health criteria
Resistance to stress
Adaptation to environment
Personal autonomy
Positive attitude towards self
Accurate perception of reality
Self actualisation
95
Divination from ideal mental health evaluation
Contains range of cognitive, behavioural and emotional traits
Unrealistic
96
Behavioural characteristics of phobias
Panic
Avoidance
Endurance
97
Emotional characteristics of phobias
Anxiety
Fear
98
Cognitive characteristics of phobias
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions
Selective attention
99
Emotional characteristics of depression
Low self esteem
Low mood
Anger
100
Behavioural categories of depression
Disrupted activity levels
Disrupted eating or sleep
Aggression and self harm
101
Cognitive characteristics of depression
Poor concentration
Dwelling on negative
Absolutelist thinking
102
Behavioural characteristics of ocd
Compulsions
103
Emotional characteristics of ocd
Anxiety and depression
104
Cognitive characteristics of ocd
Obsession
Selection attention
Hyper vigilance
105
Beck
Faulty information processing- cognitive bias and irrational thinking
Negative self schemas- acquired through traumatic experience which shape view of things
These maintain negative triad
106
Ellis ABC
A- activating event
B- belief- irrational - utopianism world unfair to them only and mustabation cannot succeed
C - consequence of depression
107
Cog explanation evaluation
CBT- very effect and based on explanation
Doesn’t explain origin of irrational thoughts- cause or symptom
Biological- ssri low serotonin
Bates et al - gave depressed patients negative thought statements to read and they became more depressed
108
Cognitive treatment for depression
CBT
Identify irrational thoughts And replace them with positive ones
Behavioural- encouraged to do pleasurable activities and keep a thought diary
109
Cog treatment for depression Eval
March et al - compared cbt with anti depressants- 36 weeks 81% of both showed improvement
May not work for severe- requires motivation- drug then cbt
Overemphasis on cognition - minister said cbt mimimises the conditions patients live in- holistic treatment may work better
110
Behaveiral approach phobia Eval
Practical application- flooding and systematic desensitisation
Evidence - little Albert- case study individual diff may play a role in acquisition of phobias
Nature nurture- some phobias more common- genetic inheritance - survival - biological preparedness
111
Behavioural approach to treating phobias evaluateion
Gilroy et al- 42 patents with systematic desensitisation- 3 months and 33 months after- sd less fearful of spiders then control who just did relaxation
SD-enjoyablat relaxation - parents prefer to flooding
Flooding intense- many don’t see it through to the end- cause worse problems
Flooding is quick- patents may choose it because of thet
112
Bio exp ocd eval
Nestadt et al first degree relatives of ocd sufferers - 11.7% chance of developing it compared to 2.7% for pop
Nestadt et al reviewed twin studies- 68% mz both had ocd 31% dz ocd- strong genetic component- not 100% has been found many have traumatic experience - diathisis stress model
Practical app - ssri
Cause + effect
113
Bio treatment Eval
Soomro et al meta anyalis drug vs placebo- 17 show led significantly better results from drug therapy
Cost effective
Non disruptive to daily routine
Only treats symptoms
