Psychopathology Flashcards
(67 cards)
What is the main idea behind cognitive explanations of depression?
Depression is caused by negative patterns of thinking, including distorted beliefs and interpretations of events.
What are the three components of Beck’s Negative Triad?
Negative views of the self, the world, and the future.
What are cognitive distortions according to Beck?
Faulty thinking patterns such as catastrophizing, overgeneralization, and all-or-nothing thinking.
What are schemas in Beck’s theory?
Deep-rooted beliefs developed in early life that influence how people interpret experiences.
What does Ellis’ ABC model stand for?
A = Activating event, B = Beliefs, C = Consequences.
According to Ellis, what causes emotional consequences like depression?
Irrational beliefs about an event, not the event itself.
What type of therapy is often used to treat depression based on cognitive explanations?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT).
What are the two main components of CBT for depression?
Cognitive restructuring (challenging negative thoughts) and behavioral activation (increasing pleasurable activities).
What is the goal of cognitive restructuring in CBT?
To identify, challenge, and replace irrational or negative thoughts with more balanced, realistic ones.
What is behavioral activation in CBT?
Encouraging patients to engage in activities they used to enjoy to improve mood and reduce avoidance.
How does CBT help with the negative triad?
It helps individuals challenge negative views of the self, world, and future, and develop more positive thinking patterns.
What homework tasks are often given in CBT?
Keeping thought diaries, testing out beliefs in real life, and practicing new behaviors or coping strategies.
What is the role of the therapist in CBT?
To guide and support the patient in identifying faulty thoughts, setting goals, and developing coping strategies.
What approach do behavioral explanations of phobias take?
Phobias are learned through experience, primarily via classical and operant conditioning.
What is classical conditioning in the context of phobias?
Learning a phobia by associating a neutral stimulus with a frightening event, leading to a fear response.
Which famous study illustrates classical conditioning and phobias?
Watson and Rayner’s “Little Albert” experiment.
What happened in the Little Albert study?
A baby was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise, generalizing the fear to similar objects.
What is operant conditioning in relation to phobias?
Avoiding the feared object reduces anxiety, which reinforces the avoidance behavior (negative reinforcement).
What is the two-process model of phobias?
Mowrer’s theory that phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning.
How does negative reinforcement maintain a phobia?
By avoiding the feared stimulus, the person reduces anxiety, reinforcing the avoidance and maintaining the fear.
What is the main goal of behavioral treatments for phobias?
To reduce fear and anxiety by changing learned behavior through exposure to the feared object or situation.
What are the two main types of behavioral therapy for phobias?
Systematic Desensitization and Flooding.
What is Systematic Desensitization?
A gradual exposure therapy that pairs relaxation techniques with a hierarchy of feared situations.
What are the three key stages of Systematic Desensitization?
- Anxiety hierarchy creation, 2. Relaxation training, 3. Gradual exposure while remaining relaxed.
