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GCSE OCR Physical Education > Paper 1 - Anatomy and Physiology (part 2) > Flashcards

Paper 1 - Anatomy and Physiology (part 2) Flashcards

(119 cards)

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1
Q

Where is the Aorta in the heart?

A
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2
Q

Where is the Pulmonary Vein in the heart?

A
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3
Q

Where is the Pulmonary Artery in the heart?

A
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4
Q

Where is the Vena Cava in the heart?

A
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5
Q

Where is the Left Atrium in the heart?

A
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6
Q

Where is the Left Ventricle in the heart?

A
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7
Q

Where is the Right Atrium in the heart?

A
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8
Q

Where is the Right Ventricle in the heart?

A
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9
Q

Where is the Tricuspid Valve in the heart?

A
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10
Q

Where is the Bicuspid Valve in the heart?

A
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11
Q

Where is the Semi-lunar Valve in the heart?

A
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12
Q

What’s the 2 main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Transport of substances
  • Temperature control
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13
Q

Explain how the Cardiovascular system Transports substances?

A

In the bloodstream e.g. Co2, O2 & nutrients (like glucose).

This gives the muscles what they need to release energy to move during exercise(& takes away any waste products)

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14
Q

Explain how the Cardiovascular system maintains a constant Temperature?

A

Vasodilation - Moving blood nearer to the skin cools the body more quickly

This means you can exercise for a long time without overheating

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15
Q

What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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16
Q

What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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17
Q

What is a Double Circulatory System?

A

A circulatory system where blood passes through the heart twice and has two different circuits

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18
Q

Give an example of a double circulatory system:

A

The Cardiovascular System

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19
Q

What are the main parts of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Heart
  • Blood
  • Blood vessels
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20
Q

What 2 circuits is the Cardiovascular system made up of?

A
  • Pulmonary circuit
  • Systemic circuit
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21
Q

What is the Pulmonary circuit made up of?

A

Lungs & the Heart

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22
Q

What is the Systemic circuit made up of?

A

Rest of the body & Heart

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23
Q

Describe the path of the pulmonary circuit:

A

Deoxygenated blood

  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Right ventricle
  3. Right semi-lunar valve
  4. Pulmonary artery
  5. Lungs

Blood becomes Oxygenated

  1. Pulmonary Veins
  2. Left Atrium
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24
Q

Describe the path of the Systemic circuit:

A

Oxygenated blood

  1. Bicuspid Valve
  2. Left Ventricle
  3. Left semi-lunar valve
  4. Aorta
  5. Rest of body

Deoxygenated blood

  1. Vena Cava
  2. Right Atrium
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25
What does blood deliver to the working muscles during physical activity?
Oxygen & Glucose
26
What's the 3 different types of *Blood Vessels*?
* Arteries * Veins * Capillaries
27
What is main the purpose of **Arteries**?
To carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
28
Which Artery is the only one to carry *deoxygenated blood*?
Pulmonary Artery
29
Describe the structure of **Arteries**:
* Thick, Muscular Walls * Carries blood @ high pressure
30
Describe the structure of **Veins**:
* Has Valves * Thinner walls & Less muscle than arteries * Carries blood @ low pressure
31
What is main the purpose of **Veins**?
Carries blood towards the heart
32
What is main the purpose of **Capillaries**?
Carries blood through the body to exchange gases & nutrients with the body's tissues
33
Describe the structure of **Capillaries**:
* One cell thick walls * Very narrow - So a large surface area *Blood flows through slowly
34
Why does blood move slowly through Capillaries?
So it can gave more time for gas exchange
35
What is **Heart rate**?
The No* of times your heart beats per min
36
What is an adults average resting *heart rate*?
60 - 80 bpm
37
What is **Stroke Volume**?
The amount of blood each ventricle pumps with each contraction
38
What is **Cardiac output**?
The volume of blood pumped by a ventricle per min
39
What is the formula for **Cardiac output**?
Cardiac output = Heart rate x Stroke volume
40
What is **Haemoglobin**?
A protein in the red blood cells that stores O2 & Co2
41
What is the purpose of red blood cells?
* To also carry Co2 to the lungs * To carry O2 & transport it around the body This is to it can be used to release energy needed by the working muscles
42
What is the pathway of air through the *respiratory* system?
* mouth or nose * trachea * bronchi * bronchiole * alveoli
43
The process of breathing is aided by which 2 muscles?
* Diaphragm * Intercostal muscles
44
What is the diaphragm & intercostal muscles also known as?
The respiratory muscles
45
Describe what happens when you breathe **in** (in terms of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles)
* The diaphragm & intercostal muscles **contract** ---> To move ribcage upwards & to expand the chest cavity ---> Draws air into your lungs
46
Describe what happens when you breathe **out** (in terms of the diaphragm & intercostal muscles)
* The diaphragm & intercostal muscles **relax** ---> To move ribcage down & to shrink the chest cavity ---> Forces air out of your lungs
47
Where does *gas exchange* occur in the respiratory system?
Alveoli
48
What features does the body have to aid *gas exchange*?
* Alveoli are covered in capillaries * Large blood supply * Capillaries are close to the alveoli * Thin walls allow quick diffusion * Alveoli has a large surface area * Diffusion
49
How does 'Alveoli being covered in capillaries' aid *gas exchange*?
Gases pass through the thin walls & into the bloodstream
50
How does a 'Large blood supply' aid *gas exchange*?
⬆️ blood cell content = ⬆️ amount of O2 supplied to muscles & tissues
51
How does 'Capillaries being close to the alveoli' aid *gas exchange*?
The diffusion distance is short
52
How does 'Alveoli having a large surface area' aid *gas exchange*?
Allows diffusion to take place
53
How does 'Diffusion' aid *gas exchange*?
Gases move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
54
What are the 2 types of respiration?
* Aerobic * Anaerobic
55
What is **Aerobic exercise** ?
* With O2 * Steady & can be maintained for long periods of time * Heart can supply all the o2 the working muscles need
56
What is the equation for *aerobic* respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
57
Give an example of an athlete that will be using *aerobic* exercise:
* Marathon runners * Cross-country skiing * Distance swimming
58
What is **Anaerobic exercise** ?
* Without O2 * Short & High intensity * Heat & lungs can't supply blood & O2 to muscles as fast as the cells need them
59
What is the equation for *anaerobic* respiration?
Glucose ---> Energy + Lactic acid
60
Give an example of an athlete that will be using *anaerobic* exercise:
* 100m sprinting * Javelin * Vaulting in Gymnastics
61
What is **Breathing rate**?
The num of breaths per min
62
What's the typical *breathing rate* of a healthy adult?
12 - 20 per min
63
What is **Tidal volume**?
The vol of air inspired or expired per breath ---> ⬆️ during exercise
64
What is **Minute ventilation**?
Amount of aur a person breathes per min
65
What's the equation for *minute ventilation*?
MV = Breathing rate x Tidal volume
66
What are the **Short term** effects on the **Muscular system**?
* Muscle temp ⬆️ * Lactic acid is produced * Vascular shunt mechanism
67
Why is there an 'Increase Muscle temperature' in the muscular system? | Short term effects
Muscles release extra energy for movement (which generates heat)
68
How does an 'Increase in Muscle temperature' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* (*Name leg muscles*) warm up due to energy produced by the footballer ---> Becomes more flexible & less likely to get injured If he injures himself, he could lose sponsors or be side-lined for a long period of time
69
How is 'Lactic acid produced' in the muscular system? | Short term effects
If you use your muscles anaerobically (for too long), lactic acid starts to build up ---> Leads to lactate accumulation
70
How does a 'Lactic acid being produced' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* If produced, sporting performance will ⬇️ ---> Have to stop or slow down Reduces the max performance and fatigues them quicker
71
What are the effects of lactate accumulation in the body?
* Muscles become painful * Muscle fatigue
72
What is **Oxygen debt**?
The amount of oxygen you need
73
What removes *lactic acid* from your body?
Oxygen ---> Converts lactic acid into water & Co2
74
What do you do if your muscles are *fatigued*?
* Slow down or stop the activity your doing for a while ---> Has a negative impact on performance * To repay oxygen debt
75
What is the **Vascular shunt** mechanism?
Blood is re-distributed to the working muscles More blood goes to the working muscles during exercise than non essential organs
76
Give some examples of non-essential organs:
* Gut * Liver * Stomach
77
What happens to the *distribution* of blood at rest?
More blood goes to the non essential organs & less to the muscles
78
How does the 'Vascular shunt mechanism' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* When the athlete starts to move around, blood is redirected from the non essential organs to the working muscles Players are less likely to get lactic acid & can play for longer
79
What are the **Short term** effects on the **Respiratory system**?
* ⬆️ Breathing rate * ⬆️ Minute ventilation * ⬆️ Tidal Volume
80
Why is there an 'Increase in Tidal volume' in the respiratory system? | Short term effects
As we exercise, we require more O2 to create energy ---> Therefore, we also breathe deeper allowing more O2 to reach our muscles
81
How does an 'Increase in Tidal volume' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
They require a lot of energy to swim ---> Means that they require more O2, therefore, the depth of breathing would be deeper They can swim faster / longer
82
Why is there an 'increase in Breathing rate' in the respiratory system? | Short term effects
As we exercise, we require more O2 to create energy ---> Therefore, we breathe quicker allowing more O2 to reach our muscles
83
How does an 'Increase in Breathing rate' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* As the athlete begins to cycle, more O2 is needed = breathing rate ⬆️ ---> More energy will go to the muscles of the body They can cycle for longer
84
Why is there an 'Increase in Minute ventilation' in the respiratory system? | Short term effects
The ⬆️ Minute ventilation --> ⬆️ amount of O2 we can get into out muscles for that minute of performance
85
How does an 'Increase in Minute ventilation' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
More O2 is inspired/expired per min due to an ⬆️ in the netballers energy levels ---> Therefore, Minute ventilation ⬆️ They can work for longer
86
What are the **Short term** effects on the **Cardiovascular**?
* ⬆️ Heart rate * ⬆️ Stroke volume * ⬆️ Cardiac output
87
What is an **Anticipatory rise**?
Where your heart rate ⬆️ due to an ⬆️ in adrenaline as you prepare for your sporting activity
88
Why is there an 'Increase in Heart rate' in the *cardiovascular* system? | Short term effects
* Heart rate ⬆️ to supply working muscles w/ more blood (carries O2) * O2 combines with stored glucose to provide the energy required to keep exercising @ the same intensity * Anticipatory rise
89
How does an 'Increase in Heart rate' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* Can keep going for longer Can play the full duration of the game
90
Why is there an 'Increase in Stroke volume' in the *cardiovascular* system? | Short term effects
* ⬆️ = More blood ---> Therefore, more O2 reaches the muscles. Means more energy can be created allowing the performer to continue working @ a ⬆️ capacity
91
How does an 'Increase in Stroke volume' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* More O2 to muscles which allows the rower to row for longer ⬆️ Muscular endurance
92
Why is there an 'Increase in Cardiac output' in the *cardiovascular* system? | Short term effects
During exercise the amount of blood reaching the muscles will ⬆️ as the cardiac output does
93
How does an 'Increase in Cardiac output' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* Swim for longer @ a HIGHER intensity More likely to win a race
94
What are the **long** term effects of the **skeletal** system?
Bone density ⬆️
95
Why does *Bone density increase* after long-term exercise in the *Skeletal* system?
Regular weight bearing training will strengthen bone matter ---> Usually through weight lifting or using weight machines
96
What are the *benefits* of *Increased bone density*?
* Less likely to break / fracture * Helps to prevent the onset of osteoporosis
97
How does an 'Increase in Bone density' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* Allows the player getting tackled to get less injured Reduces the likeliness of the player getting subbed off
98
What are the **long** term effects of the **cardiovascular** system?
* Heart Hypertrophy * Resting heat rate ⬇️ * Resting stroke volume ⬆️ * Cardiac output ⬆️ * Recovery rate ⬆️ * Capillarisation ⬆️
99
Why does *Heart hypertrophy* occur after long-term exercise in the *cardiovascular* system?
* Heart is a muscle ---> will get bigger & stronger as a result of training * Means each bet forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart ---> Means O2 ⬆️ ---> Therefore, more energy is produced by the athlete
100
How does 'Heart hypertrophy' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* If player trains & practices for a long time, their heart will go through hypertrophy ---> Can take in more O2 & produce more energy ---> Stamina ⬆️ More likely to get less tired & can win more matches
101
Why does *resting heart rate decrease* after long-term exercise in the *cardiovascular* system?
* Larger stroke volume means heart has to beat less often to pump the same amount of blood around the body ---> Therefore, resting heart rate ⬇️
102
How does 'Resting heart rate decreasing' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* The fitter the athlete = the less bpm it will do to pump blood around the body Makes the swimmer less tired during a comp, ⬆️ likeliness to win
103
Why does *resting stroke volume increase* after long-term exercise in the *cardiovascular* system?
*A bigger & stronger heart will contract more strongly & pump more blood with each beat
104
How does 'Resting stroke volume increasing' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* The athlete gets more blood pumped around the body ---> Therefore, more O2 is delivered to the working muscles They can play for a longer duration without getting tired
105
Why does *Cardiac output increase* after long-term exercise in the *cardiovascular* system?
* ⬆️ Cardiac output allows an athlete to work harder for longer as more blood can be delivered to the working muscles
106
How does 'Cardiac output increasing' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* Athlete can row powerfully for longer as more blood is delivered to the working muscles Have an ⬆️ chance of winning as the athlete can put their best effort in for longer
107
Why does *Recovery rate increase* after long-term exercise in the *cardiovascular* system?
Training will result in heart rate recovering quicker after exercise ---> As a bigger, stronger heart can deliver to produce a quicker recovery rate
108
How does 'Recovery rate increasing' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* After a long run in football, the athlete can recover quicker so he can intercept & receive the ball again (without getting so tired) ⬆️ performance & progression of the ball, therefore ⬆️ likeliness to win
109
Why does *Capillarisation increase* after long-term exercise in the *cardiovascular* system?
* ⬆️ blood supply to the muscles so they receive more O2 * Also existing capillaries become more efficient
110
How does 'Capillarisation increasing' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* More blood flow goes to the working muscles Work for longer without getting tired
111
What are the **long** term effects of the **Respiratory** system?
* Aerobic capacity ⬆️ * Respiratory muscles become stronger * Tidal volume ⬆️ DURING EXERCISE * Minute ventilation ⬆️ DURING EXERCISE
112
What does **Aerobic capacity** mean?
The body's ability to get oxygen to the muscles
113
Why does *Aerobic capacity increase* after long-term exercise in the *Respiratory* system?
* Gaseous exchange @ the alveoli can be improved ---> Allows better delivery of O2 & removal of Co2 * Means athlete can exercise more intensely, for longer & recover more quickly after exercise
114
How can Gaseous exchange at the alveoli can be improved?
Through endurance training
115
How does 'Aerobic capacity increasing' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* More O2 is gone to the working muscles & they can get rid of the Co2 quicker They can generate more energy & run for longer
116
Why does *Respiratory muscles become stronger* after long-term exercise in the *Respiratory* system?
* Allows more air to be breathed in & out * Chest cavity becomes larger * More O2 can be delivered to the working muscles & more Co2 can be disposed of * Resting respiratory rate ⬇️ = ⬆️ fitness of athlete
117
How does 'respiratory muscles becoming stronger' effect sporting performance?
* Able to breathe in an ⬆️ amount of O2 & breathe out an ⬆️ amount of CO2 Cycle for longer without getting tired
118
Why does *Tidal volume & minute ventilation increase DURING EXERCISE* after long-term exercise in the *Respiratory* system?
* Athletes lung size will ⬆️ & so will tidal volume & ability to provide a steady flow of oxygenated blood * More O2 they can deliver = more energy they will be able to create
119
How does 'Tidal volume & minute ventilation increasing DURING EXERCISE' effect sporting performance? | And why is this important to sporting preformance?
* He can take more O2 in and out Able to play for longer

GCSE OCR Physical Education (6 decks)

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