Paper 2 - Socio-cultural influences

Question 1

What are participation rates?

Answer 1

How many people take part in sport or other physical activities

Question 2

What factors influences the participation in sport

Answer 2

• Media
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Religion
• Disability
• Disposable income
• Family
• Age

Question 3

How does media influence participation in sport?

Answer 3

• Can inspire people to take part
• Provides role models

Question 4

How does gender influence participation in sport?

Answer 4

Fewer women play sports than men

Question 5

Why do fewer women play sports than men?

Answer 5

• Less media coverage for women
  —> Fewer role models to inspire younger generation
• Gender stereotypes - sports not being ‘feminine’
• Less sponsorship available for women = less money

Question 6

How does ethnicity & religion influence participation in sport?

Answer 6

• Religious festivals & days affect when you can play sport
• Religious and cultural beliefs can impact sport
• Racism in sport can be a problem

Question 7

How does religious and cultural beliefs can impact sport?

Answer 7

Many Muslim women keep their bodies covered up - less likely to participate in activities like swimming

Question 8

How does disability influence participation in sport?

Answer 8

• Limits physical activities you can do
• Opportunities in sport & access to sporting facilities is low
• Less media coverage

Question 9

What is done nowadays to improve participation rates for the disabled?

Answer 9

• Schemes set up to give more disabled people opportunities to exercise
• Given more media coverage (e.g. Paralympics)
  —> Creates more disabled role models

Question 10

How does disposable income influence participation in sport?

Answer 10

• More sports = more money
• Lots of sports require specialist equipment & clothing = more money

Question 11

What is disposable income?

Answer 11

The money you have left to spend after paying for essentials

Question 12

How does work & family commitments influence participation in sport?

Answer 12

• Playing sports require free time
  —> Some people may not have the time
• Or if you work irregular hours it can be hard to join clubs that meet requirements

Question 13

How does family influence participation in sport?

Answer 13

• Parents might encourage (or discourage) children to take up sports
• If your parents or siblings play a sport -> familiar w/sport from a young age
  —> Means you will have more opportunities to play it

Question 14

How does age influence participation in sport?

Answer 14

• Less likely to play sport the older you get
• Younger people = more choice for sports
• Competitions may have age restrictions
• Young people have more spare time to play sports

Question 15

How does pe in schools influence participation in sport?

Answer 15

• PE classes & after school sports are a way for students to try out lots of different sports
• Having a good PE teacher / coach inspires young people

Question 16

How does pe in schools discourage participation in sport?

Answer 16

• Facilities at school can limit the activities it can offer
• Some students are put off bc they find it awkward / embarrassing
• Some students don’t enjoy the competitive nature of it

Question 17

How does the environment influence participation in sport?

Answer 17

• Living in different climates will offer different sporting activity opportunities (e.g. Living in mountainous areas can give u skiing opportunities)
• Layout of the cities
• Pollution levels

Question 18

What are the ways of improving participation rates?

Answer 18

• Promotion
• Provision
• Access

Question 19

How can participation rates be improved using promotion?

Answer 19

• Through advertising campaigns
• Media coverage of a range of athletes
• Local advertising of clubs & facilities

Question 20

How can participation rates be improved using provision?

Answer 20

• Providing facilities & well trained staff
• Facilities can provide for a wide range of people (e.g. Elderly & disabled)
• Activities should be offered at a range of times
• PE classes & clubs after school for students

Question 21

How can participation rates be improved using access?

Answer 21

• Government providing good transport links
• Specialist equipment for the disabled & elderly at facilities
• Facilities being reasonably priced - people can afford to use them

Question 22

What is commercialisation in sport?

Answer 22

Making a profit from sport

Question 23

How does the sport benefit from commercialisation?

Answer 23

Increased revenue helps with:
* Increased funding
* Increases participation rates
* Helps sportspeople / sports organisations

Question 24

How does the media benefit from commercialisation?

Answer 24

High profile sports stories help to attract audiences, listeners and readers
—> So media makes sure that sport keeps a high profile

Question 25

How does the *sponsors* **benefit** from **commercialisation**?

Answer 25

* Their funding is essential for sport’s growth * High profile coverage of sport ensures a high profile for their companies and products

Question 26

What is the **golden triangle**?

Answer 26

Shows the relationship between sport, the media and sponsorship

Question 27

What are the **negative aspects** of **sponsorship**?

Answer 27

* Sometimes money is only available for the top players & teams * Women's sport attracts far less sponsorship than mens * If something bad happens to the athlete they could lose their sponsorship * Athletes could get into trouble if they are spotted using another companies products

Question 28

Give some *examples* of **inappropriate sponsors**

Answer 28

* Cigarette / tobacco is banned to sponsor sports * Alcoholic drinks * Fast food

Question 29

What is **sportsmanship**?

Answer 29

Playing fairly, sticking to the riles and being respectful to your opponents

Question 30

What are some *examples* of **sportsmanship**?

Answer 30

* Kicking the ball out of play when someone is injured (in football) * Following the etiquette of the activity

Question 31

What is **gamesmanship**?

Answer 31

Gaining an advantage by using tactics that seem unfair but aren't against the rules

Question 32

What are some *examples* of **gamesmanship**?

Answer 32

* Time-wasting * Distracting opponents

Question 33

How is **gamesmanship** punished?

Answer 33

Does not normally result in punishment but if its taken too far referees may get involved

Question 34

What is **deviance**?

Answer 34

Behaviour that goes against the moral values or laws of the sport

Question 35

What are some *examples* of **deviance**?

Answer 35

* Using performance - enhancing drugs * Tripping someone * Violence

Question 36

How is **deviance** punished?

Answer 36

* For serious offences, players may be banned from competing * For milder offenses, players may be removed from the field of play temporarily or permanently

Question 37

Why do **most forms of deviance** occur at *higher levels* of sport?

Answer 37

Bc there is much more at stake

Question 38

Give some *examples* of **PEDs**

Answer 38

* Stimulants * Anabolic steroids * Beta blockers

Question 39

What are the **positive effects** of **stimulants**?

Answer 39

* Increases mental & physical alertness * Reduces fatigue

Question 40

What are the **negative effects** of **stimulants**?

Answer 40

* Addictive * Leads to high blood pressure problems * Liver & heart problems

Question 41

What are the **positive effects** of **Anabolic steroids**?

Answer 41

* Increases bone & muscle mass * Aids recovery and repair of muscle fibres

Question 42

What are the **negative effects** of **Anabolic steroids**?

Answer 42

* High blood pressure * Heart disease * Infertility * Women may grow facial & body hair

Question 43

What are the **positive effects** of **Beta blockers**?

Answer 43

* Reduces heart rate * Reduces blood pressure * Reduces effects of adrenaline * Relaxing effect

Question 44

What are the **negative effects** of **Beta blockers**?

Answer 44

* Nausea * Weakness * Low blood pressure * Heart failure

Question 45

Why do some *performers* use **PEDs**?

Answer 45

* Improve performance & be more successful at their sport * Claims to 'level the playing field'

Question 46

Why would some *players* use **violence** in sport?

Answer 46

* Players may be frustrated with a result or w/ a referees decision * Player may be overly competitive or emotional