Paper 1 - Anatomy & Physiology (part 1) Flashcards
- The Skeletal System - The Muscular System - Lever Systems - Plane & Axes of Movement (170 cards)
1
Q
How many bones are there in the human body?
A
206
2
Q
What bone is this?
A
Cranium
3
Q
Name one function of the Cranium:
A
To protect the brain
4
Q
What bone is this?
A
Vertebrae
5
Q
Name one function of the Vertebrae:
A
To protect the spinal cord
6
Q
What bone is this?
A
Ribs
7
Q
What bone is this?
A
Sternum
8
Q
Name one function of the Sternum & Ribs:
A
To protect the heart & lungs.
Ribs also protect the kidneys
9
Q
What bone is this?
A
Clavicle
10
Q
Name one function of the Clavicle:
A
- Forms part of the shoulder joint to assist arm movement
11
Q
What bone is this?
A
Scapula
12
Q
Name some functions of the Scapula:
A
- Protects the shoulder joint
- Allows arm & shoulder movement
13
Q
What bone is this?
A
Pelvis
14
Q
Name some functions of the Pelvis:
A
- Protects the reproductive organs & bladder
- Helps leg movement
15
Q
What 3 bones make up the human arm?
A
- Ulna
- Radius
- Humerus
16
Q
What bone is this?
A
Humerus
17
Q
Give a practical example of when the humerus will be used:
A
Swinging a badminton racket
18
Q
What bone is this?
A
Ulna
19
Q
What bone is this?
A
Radius
20
Q
What bone is this?
A
Carpals
21
Q
Give a practical example of when the Radius & Ulna will be used:
A
Bending the elbow
e.g. Bicep curls
22
Q
Give a practical example of when the Carpals will be used:
A
Gripping
(e.g. A cricket ball)
23
Q
What bone is this?
A
Metacarpals
24
Q
What bone is this?
A
Phalanges
25
What bone is this?
Femur
26
Give a practical example of when the **Femur** will be used:
Muscles move the whole leg
e.g. Running
27
What bone is this?
Patella
28
What bone is this?
Fibula
29
What bone is this?
Tibia
30
Give a practical example of when the **Fibula & Tibia** are used:
Muscles move lower leg
e.g. Kicking a football
31
What bone is this?
Tarsals
32
Give a practical example of when the **Tarsals** are used:
Bears the body's weight when on foot
e.g. standing or doing yoga
33
What bone is this?
Metatarsals
34
Give a practical example of when the **Metatarsals** are used:
Moves the foot
e.g. Jumping
35
What are the 6 functions of the skeleton?
* Support
* Posture
* Protection
* Movement
* Blood cell production
* Mineral Storage
36
Explain how the skeleton gives us **support**?
- Rigid bone frame
- Supports soft tissues like skin and muscle
37
Explain how the skeleton gives us **posture**?
Gives our body the correct shape.
---> This helps us have a good posture (important in lots of sports)
38
Explain how the skeleton gives us **protection**?
Bones protect vital organs (e.g. Heart, Brain, Lungs)
---> Allows you to preform well in sport without fear of serious injury
39
Explain how the skeleton gives us **movement**?
Muscles, attached to bones by tendons, can move bones at joints (essential for good performance)
---> Different types of movement at the various joints which are important in different sports
40
Explain the **blood cell reproduction** function of the skeleton?
- Bones contain bone marrow (which makes components of blood)
- Red blood cells = important during exercise. Transports o2 to working muscles
- Athletes w/ more red blood cells = preforms better (more o2 to muscles)
41
Explain the **mineral storage** function of the skeleton?
Bones store minerals (e.g. Calcium, Phosphorus)
---> Help with bone strength (less likely to break a bone)
- Also needed for muscle contraction
42
What is a **Joint**?
Any points where 2 or more bones meet
43
What are **Articulating bones**?
Bones that meet at a joint
44
What is a **Synovial Joint**?
A joint that allows a wide range of movements and that has joint capsules enclosing it
45
What are some examples of *Synovial joints*?
- Ball & Socket
- Hinge
46
What is a **Hinge joint**?
A joint that allows movement in only one direction
47
Give an example of a *Hinge joint*:
- Elbow (humerus + radius + ulna)
- Knee (femur + tibia)
48
What is a **Ball & Socket** joint?
A joint that allows movement in nearly all directions
49
Give an example of a *Ball & Socket* joint:
- Hip (pelvis + femur)
- Shoulder ( humerus + scapula)
50
What are the 3 types of connective tissue in the body?
- Ligaments
- Tendons
- Cartilage
51
What's the purpose of **Ligaments**?
HOLDS **BONES TOGETHER**
- Restricts how much joints can move
- Maintains stability of skeleton
- Absorbs shock
52
What do *Ligaments* prevent?
Dislocation
53
What are **Ligaments** made of?
Tough & Fibrous tissue
54
What is the purpose of **Tendons**?
ATTACH **MUSCLE** TO **BONE**
55
What do **Tendons** allow us to do?
Allows bones to move when muscles contract
Allowing us to move
56
What's the purpose of **Cartilage**?
- Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
- Aids stability of joint
57
What's the purpose of **Cartilage**?
- Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
- Aids stability of joint
58
What's the purpose of **Cartilage**?
- Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
- Aids stability of joint
59
What's the structure of a synovial joint?
60
What's the purpose of the **synovial membrane**?
It releases synovial fluid into the joint capsule to lubricate the joint (allowing it to move more easily)
61
What are the 6 types of joint movement?
* Flexion
* Extension
* Rotation
* Abduction
* Adduction
* Circumduction
62
What is **Flexion**?
63
What is **Extension**?
64
What is **Abduction**?
65
What is **Adduction**?
66
What is **Circumduction**?
67
What is **Rotation**?
68
What movements do *Hinge joints* only allow?
Flexion & Extension
69
What movements do *Hinge joints* only allow?
Flexion & Extension
70
What movements do *Ball & Socket joints* only allow?
All of them
71
What's a practical example of using **Flexion & Extension**?
Flexion - Preparing your knee for a kick in football
Extension - Straightening your knee while kicking the football
72
What's a practical example of using Ext?
73
What's a practical example of using **Abduction & Adduction**?
Abduction - Outwards movement of a star jump
Adduction - Inwards movement of a star jump
74
What is a practical example of using **Circumduction**?
Bowling a cricket ball overarm
75
What is a practical example of using **Rotation**?
A turnout in ballet
76
Muscles are needed to move...
Bones
77
During exercise, what do muscles need to move the body?
Oxygen
78
What muscle is this?
Pectorals
79
What muscle is this?
Deltoids
80
What muscle is this?
Trapezius
81
What muscle is this?
Biceps
82
What muscle is this?
Triceps
83
What muscle is this?
Abdominals
84
What muscle is this?
Latissimus Dorsi
85
What muscle is this?
Gluteals
86
What muscle is this?
Hamstrings
87
What muscle is this?
Quadriceps
88
What muscle is this?
Gastrocnemius
89
What is the main function of the **Pectorals**?
Horizontal Flexion & Adduction @ the shoulder
90
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Pectorals**:
A forehand drive in tennis
91
What is the main function of the **Deltoids**?
Flexion, Extension, Abduction or Circumduction at the shoulder
92
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Deltoids**:
A front crawl in swimming
93
What is the main function of the **Trapezius**?
Extension at the neck
| Tilting the head back
94
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Trapezius**:
Preparing to head a football
95
What is the main function of the **Abdominals**?
Flexion at the waist
96
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Abdominals**:
During a sit up
97
What is the main function of the **Triceps**?
Extension @ the elbow
98
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Triceps**:
During a jump shot in netball
99
What is the main function of the **Biceps**?
Flexion @ the elbow
100
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Biceps**:
Curling weights
101
What is the main function of the **Latissimus Dorsi**?
Extension, Adduction or rotation @ the shoulder
102
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Latissimus Dorsi**:
Butterfly stroke in swimming
103
What is the main function of the **Hamstrings**?
Flexion at the knee
104
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Hamstrings**:
Preparing to kick a football
105
What is the main function of the **Quadriceps**?
Extension @ the knee
106
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Quadriceps**:
Executing a football kick
107
What is the main function of the **Gastrocnemius**?
Pointing the foot downwards
108
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Gastrocnemius**:
When standing on toes on pointe in ballet
109
What is the main function of the **Gluteals**?
Extension, rotation or Abduction of the leg @ the hip
110
Give a practical example of when someone would use the **Gluteals**:
Starting off a 100m sprint
111
What can muscles only do?
Pull
112
What is **Antagonistic muscles**?
A pair of muscles that work against each other
113
Describe the movement of muscles in an Antagonistic pair:
One contracts while the other relaxes
114
What is the **Agonist**?
The muscle that is contracting/ shortening
115
What is the Agonist also known as?
The prime mover
116
What is the **Antagonist**?
The muscle that is relaxing/ lengthening
117
What is a **Fixator**?
Other muscles that assist antagonistic pairs by stabilising/supporting the joint
118
Give some examples of which muscles act as fixators towards other ones:
When the **biceps** are flexing the elbow joint, the **deltoid** & **trapezius** act as fixators
119
Name some antagonistic muscle pairs:
* Elbow - Biceps & Triceps
* Knee - Hamstrings & Quadriceps
* Shoulder movements (Add & Abd) - Latissimus dorsi & Deltoid
120
What is a **lever**?
A rigid bar that moves about a fixed point when force is applied
121
What are the different *components* of a **lever system**?
* Lever arm
* Fulcrum
* Effort
* Load/resistence
122
What is the **lever arm**?
The bone/ body part being moved about a point
123
What symbol is the **lever arm** represented as?
Straight line
124
What is the **fulcrum**?
The joint where the lever arm pivots
125
What symbol is the **fulcrum** represented as?
Triangle
126
What is the **effort**?
The force applied by the muscles to the lever arm
127
What symbol is the **effort** represented as?
Arrow pointing down
128
What is the **load**?
Against the pull of the muscle
129
What symbol is the **load** represented as?
Square or arrow
130
What are the *types* of **lever systems**?
* 1st class
* 2nd class
* 3rd class
131
What type of **lever** is this?
1st class
132
Place where the *load, effort and fulcrum* will be in a **1st class lever**
133
Give an example of a sporting example of a *1st class lever*
Header in football
134
What type of **lever** is this?
2nd class
135
Place where the *load, effort and fulcrum* will be in a **2nd class lever**
136
Give an example of a sporting example of a *2nd class lever*
Pirouette in ballet
137
What type of **lever** is this?
138
Place where the *load, effort and fulcrum* will be in a **3rd class lever**
139
Give an example of a sporting example of a *3rd class lever*
Bicep curl
140
What is a **mechanical advantage**?
When a lever can move a large load with a small amount of effort from the muscles
141
What is the equation for **mechanical advantage**?
Effort arm / weight (resistance) arm
142
Which **lever system** **NEVER** provides *mechanical advantage*?
Third class
143
What is the **effort arm**?
The distance between the fulcrum and the effort
144
What is the **weight arm**?
The distance between the fulcrum and the load
145
If a lever is providing a *mechanical advantage* what is the relationship with the distance of the *effort & weight arm*?
The effort arm is LONGER than the weight arm
146
Which **lever system** **MAY** provide *mechanical advantage*?
First class
147
Why can **First class lever** sometimes provide a *mechanical advantage*?
Depends whether the fulcrum is nearer to the effort or to the load
148
Which **lever system** **ALWAYS** provides *mechanical advantage*?
Second class
149
Why does a **second class lever** always provide a *mechanical advantage*?
The effort arm is always longer than the weight arm
150
What is a **plane of movement**?
An imaginary flat surface which runs through the body
151
What are *planes* used to describe?
The direction of movement
152
What are the *types* of **planes**?
* Sagittal
* Transverse
* Frontal
153
What *plane of movement* is this?
Sagittal
154
What *plane of movement* is this?
Transverse
155
What *plane of movement* is this?
Frontal
156
What is an **axis of rotation**?
An imaginary line which runs through the body
157
What are the *types* of **axis**?
* Frontal
* Longitudinal
* Transverse
158
What *axis of rotation* is this?
Transverse
159
Give a sporting example of a person preforming in the **transverse axis**
A somersault
160
What *axis of rotation* is this?
Frontal
161
Give a sporting example of a person preforming in the **Frontal axis**
A cartwheel
162
What *axis of rotation* is this?
Longitudinal
163
Give a sporting example of a person preforming in the **Frontal axis**
Pirouette in ballet
164
What *plane of movement* and *axis of rotation* does a **forward roll** take place in?
* Plane – sagittal
* Axis – transverse
165
What types of movements happen in a **sagittal plane**?
Flexion & extension
166
What types of movements happen in a **frontal plane**?
Abduction & Adduction
167
What types of movements happen in a **Transverse plane**?
Rotation
168
What **axis** will a movement be on if it's occurring in the **Transverse plane**?
Longitudinal
169
What **axis** will a movement be on if it's occurring in the **Frontal plane**?
Frontal
170
What **axis** will a movement be on if it's occurring in the **Sagittal plane**?
Transverse
