Paper 1 Geography Flashcards
(324 cards)
1
Q
What type of system is Earth?
A
- Earth is a closed system so matter cannot enter or leave.
2
Q
What is the cryosphere?
A
- All parts of the Earth system where it is cold enough for water to freeze.
3
Q
What is the lithosphere?
A
- Outermost part of the Earth including the crust and the upper parts of the mantle.
4
Q
What is the biosphere?
A
- Part of the Earth’s system where living things are found.
5
Q
What is the atmosphere?
A
- Layer of gas between the Earth’s surface and space held in place by gravity.
6
Q
What percentage of Earth’s water is saline?
A
- 97%
7
Q
What percentage of EEarth’s water is freshwater?
A
- 3%
8
Q
Out of the 3% of freshwater, what percentage is frozen, groundwater, liquid freshwater, water vapour?
A
- 69% frozen
- 30% groundwater
- 0.3% liquid freshwater
- 0.04% water vapour
9
Q
What is evaporation?
A
- Conversion of liquid into a gas
10
Q
How does evaporation affect the hydropshere and atmosphere?
A
- Adds water vapour to the atmosphere whilst depleting the hydrosphere.
11
Q
What is the main factors that determines the rate of evaporation?
A
- The intensity of solar radiation
- High solar radiation - high evaporation
- Low solar radiation - low evaporation
12
Q
What is condensation?
A
- Conversion of water vapour into liquid.
13
Q
What conditions does condensation need?
A
- High when there is lots of water vapour in the air and temperature drops is rapid.
14
Q
When do clouds form?
A
- Clouds form when warm air also cools down.
- When droplets are large enough, precipitation falls too.
15
Q
How does warmer/colder climate affect the cryosphere?
A
- During colder periods, inputs into the cryosphere are greater than outputs
- Water is transferred to the cryosphere as now
- During warmer times, the cryosphere store is reduced as losses due to melting become larger.
- Annual temperature fluctuations mean that more snow falls in winter than summer.
16
Q
What type of systems are drainage basins?
A
- Open, local hydrological cycles.
17
Q
What are drainage basins?
A
- Areas around the river that recieve rainfall which flows into rivers
18
Q
What is the main input?
A
- precipitation as water, snow, hail, sleet.
19
Q
What are the stores of water (name as many as possible at least 5)
A
1) Interception causes water to land on vegetation or other structures like concrete and act as a temporary store.
2) Surface storage is the moisture of the soil.
3) Soil storage is the moisture of the soil
4) Porous rocks that hold water are called aquifers
5) Channel storage is the water held within a river or stream channel.
20
Q
What are the main flows of the water cycle?
A
- Water soaking into the soil through infiltration.
- Overland flow is water flowing over the land across the surface because precipitation is higher than infiltration.
- Stemflow is water running down a plant stem or a tree trunk.
- Percolation is water moving through the soil
- Baseflow is groundwater flow that feeds into rivers through banks and beds.
- Channel flow is water flowing into the river itself.
21
Q
What are water cycle outputs?
A
- Evaporation
- Transpiration
- River discharge
22
Q
What is the difference between potential evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration?
A
- Potential is the predicted amount whilst actual is the actual amount.
- Potential is inaccurate because doesn’t take into consideration whether places have dense vegetation or sparse vegetation.
23
Q
What is the water balance?
A
- The balance between inputs and outputs
24
Q
Why is there water surplus during wetter periods?
A
- Precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration
- More surface runoff, more discharge so river levels rise.
25
Why is there water defecit during drier periods?
- Precipitation is lower than evapotranspiration.
- Ground water is used up and water stores depleted
- Water never gets replaced.
26
What is the purpose of hydrographs?
- Show the river discharge levels.
27
What is river discharge?
- The volume of water that flows in a river per second.
28
What is peak discharge?
- Highest point on the graph
29
What is lag time?
- Delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge
30
What is the rising limb?
- Ascending discharge (Inreases as precipitation increases)
31
What is the falling limb?
- Descending discharge so as water begins to be stored after rainfall events.H
32
How does size of drainage basin affect hydrograph?
- More precipitation can be caught by larger basins so a higher peak discharge.
33
How does ground steepness affect hydrographs?
- Water flows more quickly downhill so lag time becomes shorter in steeper areas.
- Less infiltration time so more runoff happens.
34
How does the rock type affect hydrographs?
- Impermeable rocks don't store water so the lag time is much shorter.
35
How does farming affect the water cycle? (3 ways)
- Ploughing breaks up the ground increasing the rate of infiltration .
- Crops increase interception and infiltration compared to bare ground
- When cattle trample, soil is more compact which reduces infiltration and increases run off.
36
How does land use change (deforestation) affect the water cycle?
- Deforestation reduces interception rate as there's less vegetation
- New buildings/roads create impermeable surfaces which can't infiltrate the land.
37
How does the abstraction of water affect the water cycle?
- Depletion of rivers, lakes, reservoirs when transferring water from high surplus areas to low surplus areas.
38
How is carbon stored in the atmosphere?
- Stored as CO2 and CH4
39
How is carbon stored in the biosphere?
- Carbon stored in living organisms
40
How is carbon stored in the cryosphere?
- Carbon is found in permafrost
41
How is carbon stored in the lithosphere?
- 99.9% of carbon found in sedimentary rock.
42
What are pediements (Name the type of erosion that causes them)?
- Water erosion
- Pediments are gently sloping areas of rocks caused by erosion of rocks by sediment in sheet floods.
43
What are Playas? (Name the type of erosion that causes them)?
- Water erosion
- Flat depressions at low pediment - Lake periodically form in them when water drains into them after rain events.
44
What are inselbergs? (Name the type of erosion that causes them)?
- Water erosion
- Steep sided hills that rise up from pediments - made up of hard rock that is more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock, which will stand out.
45
What desert is the largest in the world?
- The largest hot desert in the world is the Sahara desert.
46
Why does the Sahara desert recieve such little rainfall
- The Sahra desert is located in a high pressure area on the tropics where air which has risen from the equator loses moisture by the time it has reached the tropics.
47
How many mm of water does the Sahara receive a year?
- Less than 100mm.
48
What are 2 characteristics of the soil in the Sahara?
- The soil is dry with little organic matter.
- The soil is quite often saline.
49
What are 2 characteristics of vegetation in the Sahara?
- The vegetation is sparse and there is a low diversity of plant life
- However, vegetation cover can increase temporarily after rainfall.
50
How does large temperature range affect the Sahara processes?
- Leaves rocks more vulnerable to thermal fracture and frost weathering.
51
How does infrequent rain affect the Sahara processes?
- Processes caused by water operate intermittently but are powerful when they occur.
52
How does high temperatures and low rainfall mean affect the Sahara processes?
- Means that sediment is very mobile, being easily eroded and transported by strong winds.
53
What is an example of a deflation hollow in the Sahara desert? (why may it have occured)
- The Quttara Depression (133m, below sea level)
- May have been caused when the climate was wetter but eventually became drier, therefore deeper and wider.
54
Why were wadis formed in the Sahara?
- Formed when the Sahara had a wetter climate.
- Wadis form intermittent, ephemeral streams.
55
Why were yardangs formed in the Sahara?
- Wind from one direction eroded the rocks by abrasion.
56
What is an example of a dune in the Sahara? (state how much land it covers)
- Great Sand Sea (Dune Field covering 72,000km^2) (Located in Western Egypt and eastern Libya)
57
What was the trend of deserts 9000 years ago?
- The presence of deserts wasn't as widespread as it is today.
58
What is desertification?
- The degradation of semi-arid land by human activities plus changes in climate.
59
Why is desertification an issue (simple)
- It causes the land to become unproductive which leads to a number of issues
60
What % of Africa is at risk of desertification?
- 46%
61
How does lower rainfall increase desertification?
- Less rain results in less surface water and groundwater.
- So less water for vegetation growth.
- Leads to soil erosion because there are less roots to bind the soil together.
62
How does higher temperatures increase desertification?
- Higher temperatures result in the rate of evapotranspiration
- Means less water for the growth of vegetation.
63
Why is overgrazing a cause of desertification?
- Reduces vegetation causes soil erosion
- More trampling causes the compression of soil.
64
Why is overcultivation a cause of desertification?
- Soil doesn't have time to recover and doesn't have enough nutrients to support the plants/
65
Why is deforestation a cause of desertification?
- Exposes the soil to rain and removes the trees and roots.
66
How does overpopulation growth increase desertification?
- Increases the pressure on the land, leading to more overcultivation, overgrazing, deforestation and irrigation.
67
Why does desertification shape sedimental landscapes?
- The ground becomes more exposed to erosion
- Increased erosion exposes bedrock
- Higher wind speeds and more sediment cause more sand to be blown into an area.
68
How does desertification shape ecosystem health?
- Desertification causes the land to become less fertile so less plant life will grow.
- Less vegetation means less animal life Is supported.
- Animals may migrate/die out due to desertification.
- Desertification releases carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to climate change.
69
How does desertification shape populations?
- Agricultural productivity decreases so there's loss food security for families.
- Therefore, families need to move into large cities
- Puts pressure on urban areas through overcrowding
70
What are 4 effects of not acting on desertification?
- Desertification will continue
- There'll be a reduction in agricultural yield, decreasing food security and hindering development.
- Urban areas may be overcrowded
- Leads to conflict between desertified countries.
71
What are 3 actions of stopping desertification?
- Locally, the planting of vegetation can act as windbreakers
- Farmers can rotate crops to allow soil recovery.
- If the world reduces greenhouse gas emissions then temperatures rise and rainfall decline will stop getting worse. `
72
What are 2 ways local populations can adapt to desertification?
- Diversifying farms to contain livestock which is less vulnerable to desertification.
- Improvements in agricultural technology which increases crop yields and prevents food insecurities.
73
What % of Spain is arid?
- 50%
74
What % of Spain is at risk of desertification as of 2008?
- 37%
75
How is climate change a cause of desertification in southern Spain?
- Evapotranspiration rate increased due to Spain's 1.5 degrees celcius increase in temp.
- Rainfall decreases in the south
- Less water so less plants grow.
76
What % decrease of fresh water in Spain?
- 20%
77
How is Spain's agricultural innovations caused desertification?
- Overcultivation reduces nutrient content.
-In Andalusia, there is overcultivation of olive trees.
- Overgrazing reduces vegetation cover.
78
Where in Spain isn't suited for agriculture and what figure shows the areas importance?
- Almeria ($1.5 billion made for the economy but the climate isn't suited for agriculture)
79
What are 3 impacts of desertification in Spain in regard to undrinkable water, illegal selling of water and biodiversity?
- Salinisation is happening so water i becoming undrinkable.
- Black market is developing which makes it illegal to use water in certain boreholes.
- Reduction in biodiversity ruins ecosystems.
80
What is the Government proposing to do in Spain in response to desertification?
- Transfer water from areas of high water content to areas of low water content.
81
How are Spain mitigating desertification?
- Indentifying areas of high risk to help improve defence plans and limit the impact on vegetation.
82
How are Spain adapting to desertification?
- An official water trading scheme has been put in place that allows farmers to buy water that isn't illegal but is 3 times the price.
83
What percentage of reforestation in Spain is happening between 1990-2015?
1990 - 27.6%
2015 - 36.8%
84
How much rainfall does the Sahara recieve?
- Less than 100mm a year
85
What is the average temperature in the Sahara?
- 30 degrees celcius
86
What is the soil like in the Sahara?
- Dry with little organic matter
- Saline
87
How does climate affect Saharan desert processes? (3 points focussing on temperature, rainfall)
- Large temperature range means rocks are vulnerable to thermal fracture and frost weathering.
- Infrequent intense rainstorms mean that processes caused by water operate intermittently
- High temperatures and low rainfall mean that sediment is very mobile, being easily eroded and transported.
88
What other landforms found in the Sahara?
- Deflation hollows
- Yardangs
- Wadis
- Dunes
89
Example of deflation hollow in sahara?
- Quattara Depression (133m below sea level)
90
What is deflation?
- The removal of fine material by the wind?
91
What are deflation hollows?
- Huge depressions in the ground when a lot of fine material is removed from one place.
92
What are desert pavements?
- Surfaces of interlocking stones.
- Form when wind blows silt and sand away, leaving gravel, rocks and pebbles.
93
What are yardangs?
- Streamlined ridges formed by a unidirectional windH
94
How are yardangs formed?
- The wind carries sand in suspension, which erodes rocks by abrasion
- Softer rock is more easily eroded than harder rock.
95
What are zeugens?
- Hard rock above soft rock, if cracks form then wind can pass through and erode the softer rock.
96
What are ventifacts?
- Individual stones with smooth sides that have been abraded
- Sides facing the prevailing wind are abraded the most
- However, the rock may move or the prevailing wind may change.
97
How are sand dunes formed?
- Wind slows down so sand gets increasingly deposited.
98
What are seif dunes?
- Dunes that are wiggly lined.
- Formed from barchan dunes when the prevailing wind changes causing the arms of barchan dunes to elongate.
99
What are barchan dunes?
- Crescent shaped dunes that form in the direction of the prevailing wind.
- Swirling winds help to keep the slope steep.
100
What are Wadis?
- Ravines that were eroded when deserts had wetter climates.
101
What are alluvial fans?
- Flat desert plain at the mouth of a wadi leads to sediment being deposited as energy from water is dissipated.
102
What are bahadas?
- Several alluvial fans which have spread out and joined together to form a uniformed shape.
103
What is weathering?
- The break down of rock.
104
What is thermal fracture?
- When at higher temperatures rocks expand and at lower temperatures rocks contract.
105
What is freeze thaw?
- Happens when water enters rocks crack
- Water below 0 degrees celcius causes thawing causing pieces to fall off.
106
What is salt weathering?
- When saline water enters
- High temperatures cause water to evaporate
- Salt crystals expand, increases pressure on rocks and causes pieces to fall off.
107
What happens when iron reacts with oxygen?
- Iron oxide causes rocks to crumble.
108
What happens when CO2 dissolves in rainwater?
- Carbonic acid is form which can react with rocks such as limestone which contain calcium carbonate causing the breakdown of rock.
109
What is exofiliation ?
- The peeling of the rock's outer surface
110
What is granular disintegration?
- Disintegration of individual grains.
111
What is abrasion?
- Erosional Scraping of particles from the rock surface
112
What is suspension?
- The transportation of small particles picked up and carried.
113
What is saltation?
- When small particles are temporarily lifted and bounce
114
What is traction?
- The transportation of heavier material.
115
What are exogenous rivers?
- Where water is sourced outside the desert region
116
What are ephemeral rivers?
- Where water is intermittently flowing through the river
117
What are endoreic rivers?
- Where river terminates inland.
118
What is the aridity index based off?
- The difference between the amount of precipitation and the potential evapotranspiration.
119
Why are deserts found at the tropics?
- Air rises at the equator
- Air cools as it rises
- When it sinks, the air is dry
- Dry air descends around 30 degrees north and south of the equator
- Air descends at areas of high pressure so the wind blows outwards and no moisture is brought in.
- Low precipitation
120
Explain cold ocean currents?
- Wind travels above cold oceans, reduces the temperature.
- Reduces its ability to hold moisture
- Moisture is released as precipitation
- Dry by the time it reaches the land.
121
What is the rain shadow effect?
- Where tall mountains force wind upwards which cools it forcing precipitation to be released
- By the time wind reaches inland areas, there is very little moisture.
122
Why are deserts found in the middle of continents?
- Central parts of the continents are more arid than coastal areas.
- Moist wind from the sea moves inland and is dropped as precipitation.
- Little rain will fall.
- An example would be the Gobi Desert.
123
What is rainfall like in deserts?
- Little rainfall which is infrequent
124
What is flash flooding?
- When there is sudden, high intensity flows of water through channels.
- Heavy rainfall can't be absorbed by the dry, baked soil.
- Flash floods have enough energy to transport large pieces of desert rocks by traction.
125
What is sheet flooding?
- Flooding that doesn't occur through a channel.
- Spreads across a desert plain rather than through a channel so has less energy than flash floods whilst still being able to transport pebbles, gravel and sand.
126
What is block disintegration?
- When larger chunks of rock are broken off.
127
What is deposition?
- Desert material which eventually is dropped.
128
What factors lead to deposition?
- Sediment load exceeds the ability of water/wind to carry it.
- Happens when water slows down as the flow is reduced, which can happen if it leaves a channel and spread outs.
129
What is mass movement?
- The movement of material down a slope due to gravity.
130
Where does mass movement occur the most?
- Landforms with steep sides such as inselbergs, potentially wadis.
131
What are 3 inputs of the desert?
- Water, wind, sun
132
What are the stores of the desert?
- Landforms store lots of sediment
- Water stores in the ground and rivers
133
What are the flows of the deserts?
- Sediment moved by erosion/deposition/transportation/weathering
134
What are the outputs of the desert?
- Water evaporating rapidly
- Runoff
- Sediment
135
What does it mean that deserts are open systems?
- Energy and matter can move in/out.
136
What is an example of a negative feedback loop in the desert?
1) Temperature increases
2) Evaporation increases so the ground is drier.
3) Drier sediment gets more easily eroded so dust clouds form.
4) Dust clouds block solar radiation.
137
138
What is an example of a multi-hazard environment?
- The Phillippines
139
Why is the Phillippines a multi-hazard environment?
- The area is vulnerable to volcanoes, seismic hazards and tropical storms.
140
Why is the Phillippines prone to increased volcanic eruptions?
- It is near a destructive plate boundary where subduction occurs.
141
What is an example of a volcano that erupted in the Phillippines? (state year)
- Mount Pinatubo (1991)
142
How many were left dead and homeless after Mount Pinitubo erupted?
- 700 deaths
- 200,000 left homeless
143
Why are the Phillippines heavily exposed to Earthquakes?
- Earthquakes occur along the plate boundaries.
144
What is an example of an earthquake which happened in the Phillippines? (state year)
Luzon Island (1990)
145
What was the magnitude of the Earthquake on the Luzon Island and how many were killed?
- 7.8 magnitude
- It killed 1500 people
146
What was an example of a tsunami which hit the Phillippines? (state the year)
- Moro Gulf (1976)
147
What was the magnitude of Moro Gulf?
- 7.9
148
How many tropical storms happen a year in the Phillippines?
- 10 tropical storms every year.
(They form in the Pacific Ocean and move westwards)
149
What is an example of a tropical storm which happened in the Phillippines? (state the year)
- Typhoon Xangsane (2006)
150
How many people died and how much did Typhoon Xangsane cost?
- 200 people died
- $130 million
151
What were the 5 effects of Typhoon Xangsane?
- High winds
- Torrential rain
- Landslides
- Flooding
- Loss of power/water
152
What is the population density of the Phillippines?
- 340 people/square km
153
How do people in the Phillippines prepare themselves for an event?
- Stockpiling food
- Widening the rivers to prevent flooding
154
How has the policy towards hazards changed?
- Funding was only essential after the hazard
- However, nowadays, the Phillippines are preparing, mitigating and adapting for hazards.
155
What are the 4 strategies of management the Phillippines now use?
- No building in high-risk areas
- Building embankments to prevent flooding
- Public awareness schemes
- Adaptations of new and existing buildings
156
What is an example of an area which is a hazardous setting?
- Central Italy
157
Why is Italy prone to earthquakes?
- Fault lines run north, south, east, and west of the country.
158
What evidence is there for the country, Italy, receiving frequent earthquakes?
- 3 earthquakes hit the area around Assisi in 1997.
- 6.3 magnitude earthquake in L'Aquila in 2009.
- L'Aquila made 70,000 homeless and killed 300 people. (Cost $15 billion)
159
What were the social impacts of L'Aquila (list a few)
- Historic buildings were destroyed.
- Rehousing in new, earthquake-resistant buildings away from the town.
- Social/religious attendance declined heavily.
- Residents suffered psychologically
160
What were the economic impacts of L'Aquila
- University was damaged leading to the number of students enrolling decreasing causing economic losses for the city.
161
What were the political impacts of L'Aquila
- Officials blamed for not giving the public enough warning
- Government blamed for not rebuilding L'Aquila fast enough. (Increasing the feelings of discontent and a lack of support)
162
What are wildfires?
- Uncontrolled fires that destroy forests, grasslands and other vegetation.
163
What are the 3 types of wildfires?
- Ground fire
- Surface fire
- Crown fire
164
What are ground fires?
- When the ground itself burns, it is slow with little smoke.
165
What are surface fires?
- Surface fires occur when leaf litter or low lying vegetation burns.
166
What are crown fires?
- Where fire moves rapidly through the canopy.
167
What are vegetational conditions that make wildfires more likely to happen?
- Closely spaced trees.
- Trees which contain a lot of oil (pine)
168
What are fuel characterisitcs which increase the likelihood of wildfires?
- Fine, dry materials catch fire and burn the mlst easily.
169
What are the climatic conditions for wildifres?
- Rainfall causes vegetation to grow which stores lots of fuel.
- Happen when rainfall is low for a significant time.
- More flammable vegetation when water gets dried up in vegetation.
- Strong winds provide more oxygen to help the fire burn and spread.
170
What are the natural causes of wildfires?
- Lightning
- Volcanic eurptions
171
What are the human causes of wildfires?
- Accidental dropping of cigarettes
- Out of control barbecues
- Arson
172
List 5 social impacts of wildfires?
- People may be killed or injured
- Homelessness
- People left without electricity/power
- Health problems
- Wildfires destroy businesses
173
What are the list of economic impacts of wildfires?
- The costs are huge
- Destruction of businesses so a loss of jobs and income
- Decrease in tourism
174
What are the list of political impacts of wildfires?
- Governments can face high levels of criticism if an area is badly damaged.
175
What are the list of environmental impacts of wildfires?
- Habitats get destroyed and it takes a long time before they can be fully restored.
- Soils are damaged as the fire removes organic matter.
- Smoke may cause air pollution.
176
What are short term responses to wildfires?
- Trying to put out the fire itself by diverting the fire, spraying water onto roofs.
177
What are the long term responses to wildfires?
- Managing the future risks
- Prevention (through public education and awareness)
- Preparedness (Emergency plans for the combatting of future fires)
- Adaptation (Change the way of living to cope with the threat of wildfires)
178
When was south east Australia hit with wildfires?
- February 2009
179
What were the causes of the Australia wildfires?
- 10 years of drought
- Recent temperatures were 40 degrees celcius and there were strong winds.
- There was a lack of management which meant that there was very dry oil-rich material to fuel the fire.
180
How many people were killed? (AUSTRALIA)
- 173
181
How many people were injured? (AUSTRALIA)
- 400
182
How many businesses were destroyed (AUSTRALIA)
60
183
How mnay firefighters and volunteers responded to the Australia wildfire?
- 20,000
184
How much did the wildfire cost?
- $4 billion
185
How much was donated for rebuilding?
$400 million
186
How was the evacuation strategy improved?
- Better fire warning systems and fire shelters were implemented.
187
When was Hurriance Katrina?
38353
188
Where did Hurrican Katrina develop?
- Bahamas and spread west
189
What were the windspeeds and mm of rainfall caused by Katrina?
- 200kph
- 200-250 mm of rainfall
190
What category was Katrina?
- Category 3
191
What percentage of New Orleans was flooded?
- 80%
192
How many people were killed during Hurricane Katrina?
- 1836 people killed
193
How many houses were destroyed during Hurricane Katrina?
- 300,000 houses destroyed
194
How many people were left without electricity during Katrina?
- 3 million
195
Which bridge collapsed during Hurricane Katrina?
- I-10 bridge
196
How many people died from drinking contaminated water during Katrina?
37012
197
How many schools were destroyed during Katrina?
- 18 schools destroyed
198
How many jobs were lost because of katrina?
230,000 jobs
199
How much did hurricane katrina cost?
$300 billion USD in damage
200
How many kilometres squared of forest was destroyed after Katrina?
- 5300 km^2
201
2 reasons why the USA response was rapid to Katrina
- The US had the National Hurricane Centre which issued a hurricane warning to states.
- THis allowed the FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) to act quickly
202
What mandatory practice was put in place in New Orleans because of Hurricane Katrina
- Mandatory evacuation in New Orleans
203
What percentage of New Orleans was already evacuated before Katrina had hit?
- 80%
204
What was the Louisiana Superdome and how mnay people did it shelter?
- Stadium which was able to hold 26,000 people.
205
When was Typhoon Haiyan?
2013
206
What category was Typhoon Haiyan?
- Category 5
207
What were the wind speeds of Typhoon Haiyan?
- 315kph
208
What caused typhoon haiyan?
- Warm sea surface in the western Pacific Ocean
209
How many people were killed in typhoon haiyan?
- 6300 killed
210
How many homes were destroyed in Typhoon Haiyan
- 1.1 million
211
How many people were displaced during Typhoon Haiyan?
- 4 million people were displaced
212
How much did Typhoon Haiyan cost?
- 12.9 billion USD
213
What were the 2 immediate responses in Haiyan?
- State of emergency was declared
- Widespread evacuation
214
What were the 3 long term responses in Haiyan?
-Build Back Better programme
- Enhancements of early warning systems
- Restoration of economic recovery
215
What did Haiyan display about the effects of tropical storms/natural hazards on LICs?
- Increase vulnerability of LICs due to factors such as poverty, inadequete infrastructure, and limited resources
216
What are tropical storms?
- A tropical storm is a powerful, rotating weather system with strong winds and heavy rainfall that develops over warm ocean waters in the tropics
217
What are 3 key conditions of tropical storms?
- Low pressure area of ocean
- 27 degrees celsisu water
- 5 degrees from the equator meaning they form at the tropics.
218
What happens when tropical storms reach land?
- They lose strength because the supply of warm, moist air is cut off.
219
What is the shape of tropical storms?
- Circular
220
What is the centre of the tropical storm called?
- Eye of the storm
221
What is the part of a tropical storm which creates strong winds?
- eyewall
222
What is the saffir simpson scale based on?
- windspeed
223
What does cat 5 indicated on saffir simpson?
- Highest windspeed above 250kph.
224
What is the problem with wind on a country?
- destorys buildings, trees and carries debris.
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What is a storm surge and what is it caused by?
- Caused by high winds
- Surge in sea level.
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Why is there torrential rain?
- Warm, moist air cools and condenses.
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How is flooding caused?
- The torrential rain raises the river discharge levels.
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Why are landslides happening during tropical storms?
- Water infiltrates soil and rock which makes it more prone to collapse.
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What are tropical storms' social impacts? (list 6)
- Drowning
- Injured/killed
-homelessness
- food shortage
- sewage
- disease
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What are tropical storms' political impacts? (3)
- Governments are blamed
- Leads to unrest/violence/looting
- Development can't continue because repair costs a lot of money.
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What are tropical storms' economic impacts ? (3)
- Costs a lot to rebuild infrastructure.
- Businesses are damaged/destroyed
- Agricultural land is damaged affecting commercial farming
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What are tropical storms' environmental impacts? (2)
- Pollution
- Disrupts aquatic breeding systems
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What is the main short term solution to tropical storms?
- Evacuation and providing aid and food to people
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What are some prevention strategies to tropical storms ?
- We can't directly prevent tropical storms but can PLAN instead to protect high risk areas due to knowledge of storms.
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What are some prepared strategies to tropical storms?
- Training people for disasters through education and providing evacuation routes.
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What are some adaptation strategies to tropical stoorms?
- Buildings designed to withstand tropical storms
- Flood defences are built such as levees and sea walls.
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How are earthquakes caused?
- Caused by tensions that builds up at all three types of plate margin.
- Vibrations occur when plates move past each other.
- Vibrations spread out from the epicenter.
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What is the epicenter?
- The first point on Earth where the earthquake is felt.
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What is the role of the Richter Scale?
- Measures earthquake activity and is a logarithmic scale where each level has a difference of 10 per level.
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What is the moment magnitude scale?
- A scale which measures the impacts of earthquakes by judging Earthquake severity.
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How do earthquakes cause tsunamis?
- Tsunamis are triggered by underwater earthquakes, as water radiates out from the epicenter, the sea floor moves too causing larger waves.
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Why are tsunamis more powerful closer to the coast?
- They don't lose energy travelling towards land.
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How do earthquakes cause landslides/avalanches?
- Earthquakes cause the ground to shake which dislodges rock, soil or snow.
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Where does seismic activity occur?
- Destructive/conservative/constructive boundaries.
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What plate boundary to the biggest earthquakes occur?
- Destructive
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Do earthquakes follow a specific pattern?
- No they're random
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Do lower magnitude earthquakes happen more than higher magnitude earthquakes?
- Yes.
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What are the primary impact of earthquakes?
- death, injury
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What are the secondary impacts of earthquakes?
- Occur as a result of primary results
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What are the list of social impacts caused by earthquakes?
- Destruction to buildings, which kill/injure people.
- Fires can arise
- Flooding from tsunamis
- Widespread contamination
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What are 2 environmental impacts of earthquakes?
- Industry can be damaged causing leakages and spillages
- Tsunamis flood frechwater ecosystems.
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What are 2 economic impacts of earthquakes?
- Destroy business premises
- Expensive to repair buildings and infrastructure.
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What are 2 political impacts of earthquakes?
- Government has less money to spend on development due to having to repair infrastructure
- Government is blamed by citizens causing unrest.
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What are the 2 main short term responses to earthquakes?
- Resucing people from collapsed buildings after an earthquake.
- Evacuating people from high risk areas.
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What are prevention strategies to earthquakes?
- We can't prevent seismic hazards.
- We can prevent the risk by building sea walls to prevent tsunamis from easily hitting.
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What are preparation strategies to earthquakes?
- Earthquake warning systems
- Response strategies such as staying away from buildings if possible.
- Tsunami warning systems and securing evacuation routes.
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What are adaptation strategies to earthquakes?
- Buildings will be designed to withstand tall, strong earthquakes.
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What is basaltic lava?
- Lava that is very hot and has low viscosity.
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What is anndesitic/rhyolitic lava?
- Lava that is more viscous but slower.
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What happens with volcanos at destructive margins?
- Cause magma to rise to the surface, forming blockages which are cleared by violent eruptions.
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Where can volcanoes also happen?m
- At hotspots, which are away from plate margins.
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What are pyroclastic flows?
- Super heated gas, ash and rock that flows down the sides of volcanoes.
- They are high speed meaning relatively little warning and they cause death.
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What are lava flows?
- Lava can flow up to 10 kilometres per hour on a steep slope and may travel tens of kilometres.
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What are volcanic gases?
- Gases such as CO2 and sulfur diocide which gets released when a volcano erupts.
- These gases are harmful to humans and animals if they're breathed in.
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What are mudflows?
- Occur when volcanic material mixes with large amounts of water, the flows do move very quickly.
- Mudflows destroyn natural habitats.
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What is acid rain?
- Created when volcanic gases react with water vapour in the atmosphere.
- Acid rain damages ecosystems and causes stone and metal to deteriorate.
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What is the magnitude of volcanoes?
- Some volcanoes range from small, slow lava flows to huge lava flows that are extremely deadly.
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What is the frequency of volcanoes?
- Some volcanoes erupt once every 100,000 years but others erupt once every few months.
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What is the pattern of randomness of volcanoes?
- Some volcanoes erupt at very regular intervals but others are irregular.
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How do we monitor earthquakes?
- Monitoring the change in shape of volcanoes.
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What are the social impacts of volcanic events?
- People are killed
- Buildings and infrastrucutre are destroyed.
- Pyroclastic flows can start fires
- Mudflows can cause further death
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What are the environmental impacts of volcanoes?
- Volcanic gases contribute to the enhanced greenhouse effect and the gases cover ckouds preventing sunlight from hitting the Earth.
- Acid rain causes rocks and stones to deterioate.
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What are the economic impacts of volcanoes?
- Destroys businesses/ash couds prevent aircraft flying and damage crops.
- Damage to buildings lead to expensive repairs.
- However, eurptions and the scenary can attract tourists, boosting the economy.
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What are the political impacts of volcanoes?
- Potential political unrest.
- Limit development due to the issue of repairing infrastructure.
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What are short term responses to volcanoes?
- Evacuating people from the volcano and providing emergency aid for people.
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What are the preparation strategies of volcanoes?
- We can prepare better by securing evacuation routes and educate people om what to do in the event of a volcano.
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What prevention strategies are there for volcanic events?
- Prevention strategies include volcanic monitoring systems and investigating the change in shape and structure of volcanoes which may signal earthquake formings.
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What is a constructive margin?
- Occurs where two plates are moving apart.
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Why does magma rise?
- It is less dense than the plates above it.
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What happens when magma rises?
- It forms a volcano.
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What is a plate crack called?
- Fault line
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What are the 2 landforms that constructive margins create?
- Rift valley
- Ocean ridges
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What are rift valleys?
- Where plates diverge beneath land, rising magma causes fault lines to occur.
- Crust continues to drop down between parallel faults.
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What are ocean ridges?
- Where diverging plates are underwater, an ocean ridge forms.
- For example the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
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What are destructive margins?
- Where two plates move towards one another.
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What happens when continental and oceanic crust moves towards each other?
- The more dense oceanic plate is forced under the less dense continental plate.
- This forms a deep sea trench.
- The oceanic crust is heated by fricton and contact with the upper mantle to form magma.
- magma rises back to the surface to form volcanoes.
- When plates move under the other, they can get stuck, causing pressure to build up eventually causing an Earthquake.
287
What happens when oceanic and oceanic crust move towards each other?
- Denser oceanic plate is subducted to form a deep sea trench.
288
What happens when continental and continental crust move towards each other?
- Earthquakes happen but not volcanoes as no plate is subducted but fold mountains can form.
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What are conservative plate boundaries?
- Two plates are moving past each other in a parallel motion.
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How are earthquakes triggered at conservative plate boundaries?
- Plates jerk past each other releasing energy as an earthquake.
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What is a magma plume?
- Vertical colum of extra-hot magma that rises up from the mantle
- Volcanoes form above magma plumes
- The crust moves above it
- New volcanoes form, creating a chain
292
Characteristics of the inner core?
- Solid ball made from iron and nickel
293
Characteristics of the outer core?
- Semi-molten made from iron and nickel
294
Characteristics of the lower mantle closest to the core?
- Very rigid
295
Characteristics of the asthenosphere?
- Layer above the lower mantle and semi-molten.
296
Characteristics of the upper mantle?
- Rigid
297
What are the two types of crust?
- Continental and Oceanic.
298
Outline the Convection Current theory?
- The Earth's mantle is hottest when closest to the CORE.
- So the lower asthenosphere heats up and rises.
- It then cools and sinks
- This reptitive circular movement of semi-molten rock is called convection currents and they create a drag on the tectonic base.
299
Outline the Slab Pull theory.
- As denser crust is subducted, the sinking pulls the rest of the plate towards the boundary.
300
Outline the Ridge Push theory.
- Constructive plate margins see magma rise to the surface to form new crust.
- New crust is hot and heats the surrounding crust which then expands and rises to form a slope.
- New crust cools and gravity causes the denser rock to move downslope.
- Pressure builds causing more movement apart.
301
Outline sea floor spreading?
- Magma rises up to fill the gap created by constructive plate boundaries
- New crust keeps forming, the crust is dragged apart
- If this happens underneath the sea, the sea floor gets wider
- This creates ocean ridges
302
What is a hazard?
- A potential threat to human life/property
303
How do people view hazards differently?
- Some accept, ignore or adapt to hazards.
304
List factors that affect the perception of a hazard?
- Religion, education, past experience, personality.
305
Outline the park model?
- Pre-disaster - (when the situation is normal)
- Disruption (There is destruction by a natural hazard)
- Relief (Rescue efforts focus on saving people)
- Rehabilitation (focussing on fixing long term issues)
- Reconstruction (Involves rebuilding permanent houses)
306
What are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle?
- Mitigation
- Preparedness
- Response
- Recovery
307
When was the Iceland Earthquake?
40179
308
What was the cause of the Iceland Earthquake?
- Magma rose through the crust due to divergent plate movement.
309
What are 4 primary impacts of the Iceland Earthquake?
- 800 evacuated
- Ash cloud disrupted air travel in Europe for 6 days.
- 100,000 flights were cancelled, affecting 10 million passengers.
- The ash contaminated local water supplies.
310
What are 2 secondary impacts of the Iceland Earthqauke?
- The airlines lost over £130 million per day during the peak disruption.
- Tourism in Iceland initally dropped
311
What are 2 short term responses of the Iceland Earthquake?
- Immediate evacuation of people in danger zones.
- Local roads closed due to flooding and ash.
312
- What are 3 long term responses of the Iceland Earthquake?
- Volcanic ash forcecasting and satellite monitoring.
- Development of the EU aviation policies to prevent full shutdowns in the future.
- Public education.
313
When was the Mount Nyiragongo Volcano?
37257
314
What were the causes of Mount Nyiragongo?
- Movement along the rift valley caused cracks in the volcanic flanks.
- Volcanic lava escaped from fissure and flowed towards Goma.
315
What were the 4 primary impacts of Mount Nyiragongo?
- 40% of Goma was destroyed.
- 147 people were killed
- 350,000 people were evacuated to Rwanda
- Infrastructure was destroyed.
316
What were 3 secondary impacts of Mount Nyiragongo?
- Cholera outbreaks in camps due to the lack of clean water.
- Looting massively increased
- The Goma economy collapsed.
317
What were 2 short term responses to Mount Nyiragongo?
- The UN and NGO's provided emergency aid.
- UN peacekpeepers helped maintain order in Goma.
318
What were 3 long term responses to Mount Nyiragongo?
- Goma volcano observatory was tasked with monitoring Nyiragongo.
- International funding was granted for rebuilding homes.
- Plans were put in place for better evacuation strategies and early warning systems.
319
when was the Nepal Earthquake?
42005
320
What was the magnitude of the Nepal Earthquake?
- 7.8
321
What were 3 primary impacts of the Nepal Earthquake?
- 9000 killed, 22,000 injured
- 600,000 homes were destroyed
- Electricity/water supplies were cut
322
What were 4 secondary impacts of the Nepal Earthquake?
- Landslides and avalanches occured especially in the Himalayas, killed 19.
- Tourism declined
- Food shortages occured due to blocked supply.
- The economy lost around $5 billion
323
What were 3 short term responses to the Nepal Earthquake?
- Nepal sought international help hours after the event.
- Rescue and relief teams from India, China, UK and US helped Nepal.
- Temporary shelters and aid from NGOs such as the Red Cross
324
What were 3 long term responses to the Nepal Earthquake?
- 'Build Back Better' schemes
- Disaster preparedness education increased
- The Government received $274 million from the Asian Development Bank.
