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GCSE Geography > Paper 1: River Landscapes > Flashcards

Paper 1: River Landscapes Flashcards

1
Q

Hydraulic action

A

the force of water crashing against the river bed or banks causing material to be dislodged and carried away by the river.

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2
Q

Abrasion

A

rocks are thrown against the river bed/banks causing more material to be broken off and carried away by the river.

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3
Q

Attrition

A

rocks are thrown against each other by the river which results in the rocks becoming smaller and rounder

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4
Q

Solution

A

river water dissolves certain types of rock

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5
Q

Traction

A

large boulders are rolled across the river bed.

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6
Q

Saltation

A

Saltation - small pebbles are bounced along the river bed.

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7
Q

Suspension

A

Suspension - fine light material is carried along in the water.

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8
Q

Solution

A

minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution.

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9
Q

Why does a river deposit its load?

A

it no longer has enough energy to transport it anymore.

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10
Q

Load transport in upper course

A

-Traction is most common
- large boulders have not yet undergone attrition
-can only be rolled

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11
Q

Load transport in lower course

A

-Suspension is most common
- load is more fine, due to attrition,
-so it floats within the water.

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12
Q

Relief of river in upper course

A

-very steep
- surrounded by mountainous terrain.

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13
Q

Relief of river in lower course

A
  • flatter
  • surrounded by lower-lying hilly valleys.
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14
Q

Cross profile of a river in the upper course

A
  • very narrow
  • shallow river channel
  • surrounded by v-shaped steep valleys.
    -There is little discharge
  • very little velocity of water
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15
Q

Cross profile of river in the lower course

A

-the discharge increases,
-the width and depth of the channel increases
- the surrounding valley becomes u-shaped instead.

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16
Q

erosion in middle/lower course

A

-lateral erosion
-widens channel

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17
Q

causes of flooding

A

-SRO
-deforestation
-steep relief
-urbanisation

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18
Q

Surface runoff

A

-water flowing over surface

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19
Q

infiltration

A

water sinking into soil from grounds surface

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20
Q

soil moisture

A

water held in soil layer

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21
Q

through flow

A

-water flowing through soil layer parallel to surface

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22
Q

groundwater flow

A

-water flowing through rock layer

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23
Q

percolation

A

water sinking through soil into rocks below

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24
Q

interception

A

water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees and grass

25
Q

plant uptake

A

-water absorbed from soil and rocks by roots of plants

26
Q

Transpiration

A

-water lost through pores of leaves in vegetation

27
Q

Urbanisation causes flooding

A

-building = impermeable surfaces
-limited infiltration
-more SRO
-shorter lag time

28
Q

Deforestation

A

-lack of interception
-more sro
-shorter lag time

29
Q

steep relief = flooding

A

gravity causes water to flow downhill fast
-lack of infiltration
-more sro
-shorter lag time

30
Q

hard engineering eg

A

-dams/reservoirs
-flood relief channels
-straightening river bends
-building embankments

31
Q

Soft engineering eg

A

-flood warnings
-flood plain zoning
-river restoration
-aforestation

32
Q

flood warnings

A

sends alerts to local residents
-allows for preparation
-reduces devastation of flood

33
Q

flood plain zoning

A

-homes are only built on areas safe from river flood
-closer areas to rivers only permeable surfaces are built = parks

34
Q

-river restoration
-aforestation

A

-intercept rainfall
-reduce sro and lag time

35
Q

dams /reservoirs

A

-control river flow
-times of high discharge dam is closed
-stores water = prevents flood

36
Q

straightening rivers

A

-water flows through specific area quicker
-protecting upstream areas from flood

37
Q

embankments

A

-prevents flood
-more discharge in order to burst banks
-banks are higher

38
Q

Flood relief channels

A

-at times of high discharge, water is diverted
-reduces discharge of main river
-less likely to flood

39
Q

hard engineering

A

-use heavy engineering or use artificial sturctures to prevent river flooding

40
Q

soft engineering

A

-works with nature to reduce impacts of flooding

41
Q

Dams and reservoirs pros (5)

A

-durable
-hydroelectricity
-can be controlled
-upstream land is fertile
-downstream is protected

42
Q

Dams and reservoirs cons (5)

A

-expensive
-damages habitats
-evacuate residents
-disturbs migration
-maintenance

43
Q

River straightening pros - 2

A

-reduces flood risk upstream
-water is removed faster

44
Q

River straightening cons - 4

A

-less evaporation
-erosion downstream
-river shortened = less space for species
-increase discharge/velocity downstream = flooding

45
Q

Flood relief channel pros - 2

A

-reduces discharge
-insurance costs are reduced

46
Q

Flood relief channel cons - 3

A

-expensive
-takes up space for farming
-flood near artificial confluence

47
Q

Artificial embankments pros - 3

A

-concrete resists erosion
-natural material = habitats
-cheaper

48
Q

Artificial embankments cons - 4

A

-deprivation of fishing
-if flood occurs, water cannot reach river again
-needs maintenance
-disrupts ecosystems

49
Q

Flood warning pros - 2

A

-gives local preparation time
-reduce impact of flood

50
Q

Flood warning cons - 2

A

-doesn’t prevent flood
-only effective if people take action

51
Q

Flood plain zoning pros - 3

A

-less damage
-allows impermeable surfaces to be limited around river
-reduces other maintenance

52
Q

Flood plain zoning cons - 1

A

limits urban expansion

53
Q

River restoration pros - 3

A

-increases biodiversity
-meanders = evaporation
-no further maintenance

54
Q

River restoration cons - 3

A

-lengthy process
-expensive
-land needs to be available

55
Q

Planting trees pros - 4

A

-binds soil
-intercepts water
-no extra maintenance
-increases biodiversity

56
Q

Planting trees cons - 4

A

-long time
-uninhabitable
-takes up space
-less sediment in river = less levees

57
Q

River Tees - Cow Green Dam advantages (3)

A

-reservoir holds 40,000m3 of water = supplies industry + leisure/tourism
-new habitat
-hydroelectricity = supports industry + eco friendly

58
Q

River Tees - Cow Green Dam disadvantages (4)

A

-discharge levels are reduced = impact on aquatic life
-reservoir took up farming land = compensation was paid
-erosion downstream due to faster flowing water as sediment trapped behind dam instead of being transported/deposited
-less cost effective = maintenance

GCSE Geography (25 decks)

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