Paper 1: River Landscapes

Question 1

Hydraulic action

Answer 1

the force of water crashing against the river bed or banks causing material to be dislodged and carried away by the river.

Question 2

Abrasion

Answer 2

rocks are thrown against the river bed/banks causing more material to be broken off and carried away by the river.

Question 3

Attrition

Answer 3

rocks are thrown against each other by the river which results in the rocks becoming smaller and rounder

Question 4

Solution

Answer 4

river water dissolves certain types of rock

Question 5

Traction

Answer 5

large boulders are rolled across the river bed.

Question 6

Saltation

Answer 6

Saltation - small pebbles are bounced along the river bed.

Question 7

Suspension

Answer 7

Suspension - fine light material is carried along in the water.

Question 8

Solution

Answer 8

minerals are dissolved in the water and carried along in solution.

Question 9

Why does a river deposit its load?

Answer 9

it no longer has enough energy to transport it anymore.

Question 10

Load transport in upper course

Answer 10

-Traction is most common
- large boulders have not yet undergone attrition
-can only be rolled

Question 11

Load transport in lower course

Answer 11

-Suspension is most common
- load is more fine, due to attrition,
-so it floats within the water.

Question 12

Relief of river in upper course

Answer 12

-very steep
- surrounded by mountainous terrain.

Question 13

Relief of river in lower course

Answer 13

• flatter
• surrounded by lower-lying hilly valleys.

Question 14

Cross profile of a river in the upper course

Answer 14

• very narrow
• shallow river channel
• surrounded by v-shaped steep valleys.
  -There is little discharge
• very little velocity of water

Question 15

Cross profile of river in the lower course

Answer 15

-the discharge increases,
-the width and depth of the channel increases
- the surrounding valley becomes u-shaped instead.

Question 16

erosion in middle/lower course

Answer 16

-lateral erosion
-widens channel

Question 17

causes of flooding

Answer 17

-SRO
-deforestation
-steep relief
-urbanisation

Question 18

Surface runoff

Answer 18

-water flowing over surface

Question 19

infiltration

Answer 19

water sinking into soil from grounds surface

Question 20

soil moisture

Answer 20

water held in soil layer

Question 21

through flow

Answer 21

-water flowing through soil layer parallel to surface

Question 22

groundwater flow

Answer 22

-water flowing through rock layer

Question 23

percolation

Answer 23

water sinking through soil into rocks below

Question 24

interception

Answer 24

water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees and grass

Question 25

plant uptake

Answer 25

-water absorbed from soil and rocks by roots of plants

Question 26

Transpiration

Answer 26

-water lost through pores of leaves in vegetation

Question 27

Urbanisation causes flooding

Answer 27

-building = impermeable surfaces -limited infiltration -more SRO -shorter lag time

Question 28

Deforestation

Answer 28

-lack of interception -more sro -shorter lag time

Question 29

steep relief = flooding

Answer 29

gravity causes water to flow downhill fast -lack of infiltration -more sro -shorter lag time

Question 30

hard engineering eg

Answer 30

-dams/reservoirs -flood relief channels -straightening river bends -building embankments

Question 31

Soft engineering eg

Answer 31

-flood warnings -flood plain zoning -river restoration -aforestation

Question 32

flood warnings

Answer 32

sends alerts to local residents -allows for preparation -reduces devastation of flood

Question 33

flood plain zoning

Answer 33

-homes are only built on areas safe from river flood -closer areas to rivers only permeable surfaces are built = parks

Question 34

-river restoration -aforestation

Answer 34

-intercept rainfall -reduce sro and lag time

Question 35

dams /reservoirs

Answer 35

-control river flow -times of high discharge dam is closed -stores water = prevents flood

Question 36

straightening rivers

Answer 36

-water flows through specific area quicker -protecting upstream areas from flood

Question 37

embankments

Answer 37

-prevents flood -more discharge in order to burst banks -banks are higher

Question 38

Flood relief channels

Answer 38

-at times of high discharge, water is diverted -reduces discharge of main river -less likely to flood

Question 39

hard engineering

Answer 39

-use heavy engineering or use artificial sturctures to prevent river flooding

Question 40

soft engineering

Answer 40

-works with nature to reduce impacts of flooding

Question 41

Dams and reservoirs pros (5)

Answer 41

-durable -hydroelectricity -can be controlled -upstream land is fertile -downstream is protected

Question 42

Dams and reservoirs cons (5)

Answer 42

-expensive -damages habitats -evacuate residents -disturbs migration -maintenance

Question 43

River straightening pros - 2

Answer 43

-reduces flood risk upstream -water is removed faster

Question 44

River straightening cons - 4

Answer 44

-less evaporation -erosion downstream -river shortened = less space for species -increase discharge/velocity downstream = flooding

Question 45

Flood relief channel pros - 2

Answer 45

-reduces discharge -insurance costs are reduced

Question 46

Flood relief channel cons - 3

Answer 46

-expensive -takes up space for farming -flood near artificial confluence

Question 47

Artificial embankments pros - 3

Answer 47

-concrete resists erosion -natural material = habitats -cheaper

Question 48

Artificial embankments cons - 4

Answer 48

-deprivation of fishing -if flood occurs, water cannot reach river again -needs maintenance -disrupts ecosystems

Question 49

Flood warning pros - 2

Answer 49

-gives local preparation time -reduce impact of flood

Question 50

Flood warning cons - 2

Answer 50

-doesn't prevent flood -only effective if people take action

Question 51

Flood plain zoning pros - 3

Answer 51

-less damage -allows impermeable surfaces to be limited around river -reduces other maintenance

Question 52

Flood plain zoning cons - 1

Answer 52

limits urban expansion

Question 53

River restoration pros - 3

Answer 53

-increases biodiversity -meanders = evaporation -no further maintenance

Question 54

River restoration cons - 3

Answer 54

-lengthy process -expensive -land needs to be available

Question 55

Planting trees pros - 4

Answer 55

-binds soil -intercepts water -no extra maintenance -increases biodiversity

Question 56

Planting trees cons - 4

Answer 56

-long time -uninhabitable -takes up space -less sediment in river = less levees

Question 57

River Tees - Cow Green Dam advantages (3)

Answer 57

-reservoir holds 40,000m3 of water = supplies industry + leisure/tourism -new habitat -hydroelectricity = supports industry + eco friendly

Question 58

River Tees - Cow Green Dam disadvantages (4)

Answer 58

-discharge levels are reduced = impact on aquatic life -reservoir took up farming land = compensation was paid -erosion downstream due to faster flowing water as sediment trapped behind dam instead of being transported/deposited -less cost effective = maintenance