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GCSE Geography > Paper 1: The Living World - Hot deserts and their fringes > Flashcards

Paper 1: The Living World - Hot deserts and their fringes Flashcards

1
Q

Causes for coastal deserts climate

A

-cold ocean current = precipitation over sea
-as it reaches the land = air is dry
-air warms up over land = evaporation
-no rain in desert

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2
Q

Causes for Hot and dry deserts

A

-at the equator = air carries lots of moisture = low pressure
-rains
-air spreads out north/south of equator
-dry air settles at 30 degrees = high pressure
-no water vapour = no rain

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3
Q

low pressure

A

-cold weather and rain

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4
Q

high pressure

A

-sun
-warmer weather

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5
Q

Causes for rain shadow deserts climate

A

-air passes over ocean + evaporates lots of water
-mountain forces water up = condenses to rain
-rainshadow region = air has passed over mountains
-no rain as water vapour is used up

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6
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations

A

-thick fleshy stem
-small spiny leaves
-thick waxy surface
-shallow/spread out roots
-deep roots

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7
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - thick fleshy stem

A

-store large amounts of water after rainfall
-expands with water

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8
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - small spiny leaves

A
  • reduce water loss through transpiration
    -deter predators
    -protect itself from competitors
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9
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - thick waxy surface

A

-reduces transpiration through stem

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10
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - shallow/spread out roots

A

-maximise water absorption after rain
-before it evaporates on hot ground

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11
Q

Saguro cacti adaptations - deep roots

A

-access to deep water stores
-groundwater stores

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12
Q

Lichen

A

-don’t need soil to grow
-grow on rocky surfaces
-use organic acids to break down rock and use its nutrients

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13
Q

Desert poppies

A

-seeds germinate after heavy rain
-grow very quickly
-lie dormant for year
-bright flowers attract insects = cross pollination

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14
Q

Biodiversity low in Sahara

A

-no range of plants and animals
-harsh survival conditions

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15
Q

Diurnal temperatures

A

-drop in temp during the day to at night

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16
Q

Where is the Sahel region

A

fringe of the Sahara desert

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17
Q

Difference in climate of Sahara and Sahel

A

-sahel= tropical, semi-arid not sunny but windy
-sahara = seasonal hot temp (33degrees)

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18
Q

Differnce of plants in Sahara and Sahel

A

-Sahel - acacia and baobab trees

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19
Q

Acacia tree adaptations

A

-survive droughts
-deep roots = groundwater stores
-fire resistant
-sharp thorns = deter animals

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20
Q

Baobab trees

A

-produces leaves in wet - season
-small leaves = less water loss

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21
Q

Soil profile of Sahel

A
  • top layer is fertile
    -below layers are infertile
    -bottom layers = nutrients released by weathered rock
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22
Q

Camel adaptations

A

-survive long time w/o drinking
-2 sets of eyelashes + slit-like nostrils protection from sand
-little sweat
-fat respire for water (humps of fat)
-thick layer for shade on top of body
-thin fur everywhere else = heat loss

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23
Q

Camel adaptations - large sa:v ratio

A

-keeps them cool
-more places for heat to escape from

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24
Q

Camel adaptations - flat feet

A

-prevent from sinking in sand

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25
Q

Camel adaptations - concentrated urine

A

-lose little water from urination
-kidneys concentrate it

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26
Q

Cheetah adaptation -

A

-pale yellow with brown markings
-pale fur
-hunts early morning
-survive with very little water

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27
Q

Cheetah adaptation - pale yellow fur w/ brown markings

A

-camouflage
-hide from prey

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28
Q

Cheetah adaptation - pale fur

A

-reflects sunlight
-lower body temp during day

29
Q

Cheetah adaptation - hunts early morning

A

-reduces competition

30
Q

Cheetah adaptation - very little water

A

-gain fluids from prey
-keeps them hydrated

31
Q

Snake adaptations - pale yellow/brown

A

-camouflage to hide from prey

32
Q

Snake adaptations -

A

pale yellow
-hunt with speed
-flexible diet

33
Q

Snake adaptations - flexible diet

A

-food is scarce in desert

34
Q

Snake adaptations - speed

A

hunt prey effectively

35
Q

Challenges for locals in deserts

A

-harsh climate = no crops growing
-low water supply of freshwater
landscape = barren
-sand dunes

36
Q

Commercial farming in Sahara

A

-no tech to farm large crop yields
-poor soil fertility
-mostly sustenance farming

37
Q

sustenance farming

A

grow to eat

38
Q

Farming in algeria

A

-invested in oat crops
-drought resistant
-develop large scale farming

39
Q

Mineral extraction in Sahara

A

-largest gold deposit
-oil is drilled
-TNCs build and create jobs

40
Q

Tourism in Sahara

A

-attractive = unusual landscape
-camel tours
-declines due to global threat of terrorism

41
Q

Energy in Sahara

A

-large oil/gas reserves
-unable to access = lack of tech
-exporting oil = development

42
Q

Oppurtunity in hot desert biome

A
  • gold deposits
    -TNCs are attracted
    -jobs from mines
    -tax = investment
43
Q

Why does Niger not have a tourism industry

A

-lack of infrastructure
-lack of wealth
-unsafe = crime rates

44
Q

Trans-Saharan highway

A

-allow for trade
-building infrastructure
-access to deserted areas

45
Q

Impacts of remoteness on Niger Saharan

A

-unpaved rds = lack of travel
-hard to access services = hospitals

46
Q

Issues of water shortages in Niger

A

-crop failure = famine
-lack of development of large scale farming

47
Q

Pros for economic development in Sahara

A

-tourism
-13 million visitors in Egypt a yr

48
Q

Cons for economic development in Sahara

A

-farming = water stress
-cannot feed locals and cannot export = no profit

49
Q

Why is Niger an LIC - terrain

A

-desert
-extremely rocky and sand dunes
-industries cannot build
-growing crops is difficult - barren land

50
Q

Why is Niger an LIC - Landlocked

A

-no sea access
-trade is difficult
-must pay custom tax at ports
-profit is not fully returned to producers

51
Q

Why is Niger an LIC - colonial history

A

-under French rule
-little development
-cheap supply of primary materials
-instability of government after

52
Q

Population structure

A

demographic makeup of a place
-gender
-number of ppl
-age

53
Q

Reasons for high birth rate in LICs (5)

A

-agricultural work = big families
-limited family planning = contraception
-girls not in education so they start families earlier
-poor healthcare so infant mortality is high = disease
-cultural norm

54
Q

desertifiaction

A

process by which fertile land becomes desert
-due to human/climate activities

55
Q

Causes of desertification - climate change

A

-long droughts dry out surface water
-more evaporation of plants water
-seasonal change leads to reduced rainfall = dry

56
Q

Causes of desertification - agriculture

A

-overgrazing
-over cultivation
-herds of cattle compact land = harder for soil to infiltrate
-destroying soil = ploughing/pesticides

57
Q

overgrazing

A

livestock eat plants faster than regrowth

58
Q

overcultivation

A

-farmers plant crops yr after yr on the same land
-reduces nutrients and soil feritility

59
Q

Causes of desertification - population pressure (4)

A

-collecting wood for fuel = deforestation
+ leaves top soil layer at risk of erosion
-excessive water use in tourist areas = water stress
-vegetation is cleared for building
-increase in ppl = more crops needed

60
Q

Causes of desertification in Sahel- case study knowledge (4)

A

-overgrazing = 65% of desertification
-2010, 1.2 mill ppl were at risk of famine = drought
-Niger 63% population increase
-Lake Chad has shrunk by 90% since 1960s

61
Q

Managing desertification -

A

-water management
-tree planting
-soil management
-appropriate tech

62
Q

Managing desertification - water management

A

-top soil is watered well
-irrigation systems
-increases soil moisture = growth
-roots of plants reduce soil erosion

63
Q

Managing desertification - water management limitations

A

-without soil management = water will runoff
-no shade = evaporation

64
Q

Managing desertification - soil management

A

-soil depth/moisture maintained
-vegetation growth

65
Q

Managing desertification - soil management method

A

-bunds are made on gentle slopes
-water/soil builds up behind = infiltration = moisture
-shade = retains moisture
-prevents soil erosion

66
Q

Managing desertification - tree planting

A

-‘Great Green Wall’ = plants trees across Sahel
-roots provide stability for soil
-shelter = less evaporation
-increase leaf litter = nutrients

67
Q

Managing desertification - tree planting limitations

A

-countries must all do it
-dry land may cause inability for trees to survive
-expensive

68
Q

Managing desertification - appropriate technology

A

-efficient stoves given by charities
-less trees cut down for fuel
-could struggle to operate stoves

GCSE Geography (25 decks)

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