Paper 2 - Urban Issues and challenges

Question 1

regional importance of mumbai

Answer 1

• state capital
• 3 mil ppl commute from surrounding areas
• handles 60% of sea trade
• small businesses

Question 2

national importance of mumbai

Answer 2

• transport hub = rail links
• stock markets
• 33% of India’s income tax
• working age migrants from other towns to mumbai

Question 3

international importance of mumbai

Answer 3

• culture = bollywood
• large international airport
• asia HQ for many TNCs
• eg disney

Question 4

India’s natural growth

Answer 4

birth rate = falling but high
death rate = falling
pop change = increasing
pop structure - pyramid base

Question 5

Factors affecting birth rate

Answer 5

• access to family planning
• fewer chn to work on farms but maybe in cities

Question 6

factors affecting death rate

Answer 6

• improved sanitation
• industrialisation
• better medical services
• less labour intensive work
• food security is high

Question 7

Push factors to leave rural

Answer 7

-main work is poorly paid primary work
- fewer services
- lack of infrastructure

Question 8

Pull factors to move to urban

Answer 8

• higher paid work
• better more available services
• previous movement by family
  -more leisure
• more access to running water/electricity

Question 9

Bhandup industries pros for gov

Answer 9

• exporting electronic parts
  -more gdp
  -more tax

Question 10

Bhandup industries pros for TNCs with HQ in Mumbai

Answer 10

• good for business
• transport links
• more sales so more profit

Question 11

Bhandup industries pros for tertiary industry

Answer 11

• more ppl move here
• shopping centres have opened
• more jobs = more tax
• more disposable income

Question 12

Bhandup industries pros for informal workers

Answer 12

• largest squatter settlement
• 70% of residents live in slums
• informal economies

Question 13

Urban growth - impact on health

Answer 13

• 403 public hospitals
• 1000 private ones
• avg 200 in other cities

Question 14

Urban growth - impact on Education

Answer 14

• Indian institute of mumbai = specialises in tech
• 1000 schs
• education is free but resources must be bought
• adult literacy is 82%
• national = 74%

Question 15

Urban growth - impact on energy

Answer 15

• more income tax = better access
• 24/7 supply
• run by private companies so charge residents
• residents use gas lamps, heaters or illegal generators

Question 16

Urban growth - impact on clean water

Answer 16

• more tax - improved
• prevents cholera
• self composing toilets = don’t connect to sewage system
• more water towers to treat water = more tap water

Question 17

Dharavi: Housing quality

Answer 17

• migrants have no money
• forced to build with scrap material
• hot in summer
• easily destroyed during flood
• made from corrogated iron
  -lack of electricity

Question 18

Dharavi: waste disposal

Answer 18

• health problem made worse
• rubbish is piled high on landfill
• rodents bring disease
• toxins from waste contaminate soil

Question 19

Dharavi: clean water

Answer 19

• lack of gov investment
• limited access
• no taps/toilets at home
• must queue
• 4000 ppl per tap
  -spread of cholera

Question 20

Dharavi: overcrowding

Answer 20

• lack of planning
• densely packed
• lack of vehicle access
• lack of privacy
• shared homes
• disease spread

Question 21

Dharavi: transport links

Answer 21

• no investment
• shortage of roads
• isolated residents
• smuggle to find work
• services are in main city
  -to build rds houses must be bulldozed

Question 22

Dharavi: sanitation systems

Answer 22

• large queues
• women feel unsafe from lack of light
• toilets are washed away by water = contamination
• spread of disease

Question 23

Dharavi: risk of destruction

Answer 23

• illegal status
• as mumbai expands = gov redevelops
• will be bulldozed
• widely critisized by human right groups
• no advance warning
• forced to rebuild elsewhere

Question 24

Dharavi: healthcare and eduation

Answer 24

• no education available
• some create their own sch
• poor quality
• understaffed
• pressure on medical services

Question 25

Dharavi: electricity

Answer 25

• gov doesn’t provide
• dangerous to use illegally
• limits number of businesses that operate
• no light evenings = high crime rate

Question 26

Impacts of water pollution

Answer 26

• human waste in rivers
• high rates of disease
• relaxed environmental laws = waste is dumped
  = contamination
• e waste leach chemicals = lead/mercury poisoning

Question 27

Impacts of air pollution

Answer 27

• traffic = more co2 and no2
• relaxed laws = air pollution from chemicals
  -more cars = more pollution
  -electricity in factories = fossil fuels
• landfill sites release methane as it rots

Question 28

Mumbai slum resettlement scheme

Answer 28

Slum residents are moved from dangerous sections of the slum (e.g. train tracks) to new high quality housing.

Question 29

Mumbai slum resettlement scheme
pros

Answer 29

• Legal ownership = no risk of evacuation
• Water pipes= less waterborne disease.
• Children miss less school
• wealthier residents mean high tax revenues and investment in the area
• nearby businesses=paid low-skilled work.

Question 30

Mumbai slum resettlement scheme
cons

Answer 30

tensions between poorer and wealthier residents.
- Not enough housing for all Dharavi residents.

Question 31

Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project

Answer 31

tears down existing settlements and replaces with new high quality

Question 32

Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project
pros

Answer 32

• 200 acres to rehome residents
• 100 acres for community gardens
• 300 acres for sale/commercial
• better infrastructure (sewage, water treatment)
• new transport links to main city

Question 33

Dharavi Slum Redevelopment Project
cons

Answer 33

• concerns of rehousing all residents
• delayed for 28 yrs due to resistance
• micro enterprises must be supported

Question 34

Incremental housing strategies

Answer 34

• famillies are given the right to their land
• granted funds for imporvement

Question 35

Incremental housing strategies
pros

Answer 35

• widen pavements and st lighting by committee
• residents work with architect to replan their home
• repairs + improvements
• roof gardens = open space to enjoy

Question 36

Incremental housing strategies
cons

Answer 36

• as mumbai grows
  -more pressure to build more homes rather than improve current ones