Paper 2: Motivation

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

Motivation can be defined as a willingness to exhibit a particular behaviour

Question 2

What are the two forms of motivation?

Answer 2

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Question 3

What is intrinsic motivation?

Answer 3

Intrinsic motivation comes from within the performer

• wanting to feel the feelings of pride and satisfaction
• enjoyment from participation
• personal goal-setting to maintain intrinsic motivation
• can lead to improved task persistence

Question 4

What is extrinsic motivation?

Answer 4

Extrinsic motivation comes from sources external to the performer

• reinforcement, to reinforce correct behaviour and maintain motivation
• tangible & intangible rewards

Question 5

What are tangible rewards?

Answer 5

Tangible rewards concern materialistic rewards, for example, trophies and prize money

Tangible rewards don’t act as a motivator for as long as intangible.

Question 6

What are intangible rewards?

Answer 6

Intangible rewards are not physical and include praise from others

Intangible rewards are preferred to tangible rewards in terms of encouraging repeat behaviour.

Question 7

What is achievement motivation theory?

Answer 7

Achievement motivation theory involves the desire of athletes to continue to keep going and aiming to succeed.

Divided into personality components and situational components

Question 8

What are the personality components of achievement motivation?

Answer 8

The personality components of achievement motivation consist of the need to achieve (nach) and the need to avoid failure (naf).

Question 9

What is Nach?

Answer 9

Need to achieve is associated with high levels of achievement motivation, more concerned with performing successfully, not preoccupied with thinking that they may perform badly.

Question 10

What is Naf?

Answer 10

Need to avoid failure is associated with low levels of achievement motivation, preoccupied with thoughts of performing poorly

Question 11

What are the characteristics of Nach personality?

Answer 11

• Willing to take on challenges and risks
• Like their performance to be assessed
• Very determined
• The use of approach behaviour
• Consistent use of self-serving bias
• High levels of task persistence

Question 12

What are the characteristics of Naf personality?

Answer 12

• Unwilling to take on challenges and risks
• Do not like their performance to be assessed
• Often experience learned helplessness
• The use of avoidance behaviour
• Do not enjoy having responsibility
• Attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors

Question 13

What is the situational component of achievement motivation?

Answer 13

Separated into two parts:
- incentive value
- probability of success

Question 14

What is incentive value in achievement motivation?

Answer 14

Incentive value is the intrinsic value that the performer attributes to completing the task successfully,

e.g.

harder task = greater value, feel like they have achieved much more than if the task was easier

Question 15

What is the probability of success in achievement motivation?

Answer 15

The probability of success refers to how likely a performer is to succeed in their performance.

harder task = lower probability of success

Question 16

What is achievement goal theory?

Answer 16

Achievement goal theory suggests that the type of achievement goal used influences an athlete’s motivation

Question 17

What are the two types of goals according to achievement goal theory?

Answer 17

Outcome-oriented goals

Task-oriented goals

Question 18

What is an outcome-oriented goal, according to achievement goal theory?

Answer 18

Outcome-oriented goals refer to the comparison of the performance with others

Question 19

What is a task-oriented goal, according to achievement goal theory?

Answer 19

Task-oriented goals refer to the athlete comparing their performance with their own previous performances

Question 20

What strategies are there to develop approach behaviours?

Answer 20

• Educating the athlete that it is OK to fail occasionally
• Encouraging the athlete to take on new challenges by showing the benefits that this could bring
• Attribution retraining, ensuring the athlete is aware of how they should attribute success and failure
• Regularly assessing performance to make the performer used to the feeling of being assessed.