Paper 3 Section C Flashcards

Question

Possible solutions to closing the gap is to...

Answer 1

improve the mobility of people and goods e.g. HS2 rail link (CLICK ME) Improved regional airports Improved travel links between northern cities Other solutions include moving key government departments out of London and increased funding to poorest regions

Answer 2

An area on the edge of the city, which has never been developed in any way.

Answer 3

-> Large housing can usually be built on the site -> Reduces the congestion within the city -> New sites are easier, cheaper and quicker to build on -> Layout not restricted by previous development so can be made efficient and pleasant -> Cheaper land as further from city -> Appealing environment

Answer 4

-> Need to build infrastructure in the area e.g. new roads, gas and water -> Wildlife may suffer -> Change the area from rural to urban losing farm or recreational land -> Lots of people will not like it and they will protest -> Usually harder to get planning permission -> People may not want to live away from the city – generates more traffic

Answer 5

An area within a city which is no longer used. It may contain old factories or housing.

Answer 6

-> Can improve the local environment -> Infrastructure is already available -> New employment opportunities for people in the city -> City does not want the city centre to decay – helps revive old urban areas -> Better transport is already available -> Can improve facilities for local people e.g. shops and cinema -> Reduces loss of countryside -> Reduces commuting as workplaces nearby

Answer 7

-> Often the land is contaminated -> Land costs are high and development of land more expensive -> House prices can become too expensive for local people -> Local people can be pushed away from the area -> Can be surrounded by rundown areas which may put people off living there

Answer 8

The difference between the number of people coming into a country and the number of people leaving.

Answer 9

Moving into a country

Answer 10

Moving out of a country

Answer 11

They take our jobs They help the economy grow They bring new skills to the country They use our health care services They take up places in our schools They help create a multi-cultural society Younger migrants will help balance our ageing society They are prepared to do jobs that British workers will not It cost a lot of money to pay for translators

Answer 12

-> Low paid manual is one of the biggest employers- agricultural work for example is very labour intensive. -> Service sector jobs: catering and hotel sectors have a lot of zero hour contract jobs. -> Trade jobs: skilled plumbers / builders. -> Health Care – lots of nurses and doctors are migrants. Also care staff -> Property: Investors, football club owners!

Answer 13

-> National Parks are protected areas of natural beauty. They were first established in 1949 and The South Downs became the most recent NP in 2010. The areas include mountains, moorland, heathland, woodland and coasts. -> National Parks are not theme parks – they are not fenced off and people live and work in them. -> Each National Park is managed by a National Park Authority (NPA), which works to balance the needs of the landscape, the residents and the visitors.

Answer 14

There are 15 National Parks in the UK and each one has been designated as a protected landscape because of its special qualities. England, Wales and Scotland are looking to create new National Parks.

Answer 15

**England**: Dartmoor, Exmoor, New Forest, South Downs, Peak District, Yorkshire Dales, North York Moors, Lake District, Northumberland **Wales**: Brecon Beacons, Pembrokeshire Coast, Snowdonia **Scotland** : The Caingorms, Loch Lomand & The Trossachs

Answer 16

To protect and enhance the natural beauty and wildlife. To promote the understanding and enjoyment of the Parks. To foster the social and economic well-being of the communities living in the National Parks.

Answer 17

A honeypot site is a place of natural or historical interest that attracts people in large numbers.

Answer 18

Picnic sites and car parks National Park tourist information centre Camping and caravan sites, hotels and cafes The Lake District’s only car ferry Viewpoints across Lake Windermere Boating on Lake Windermere

Answer 19

- Jobs for local people - Income for the local economy - Helps preserve rural services like buses, village shops and post offices - Increased demand for local food and crafts - Tourists mainly come to see the scenery and wildlife, so there is pressure to conserve habitats and wildlife

Answer 20

- Damage to the landscape: litter, erosion, fires, disturbance to livestock, vandalism - Traffic congestion and pollution - Local goods can become expensive because tourists will pay more - Shops stock products for tourists and not everyday goods needed by locals - Demand for holiday homes makes housing too expensive for local people - Demand for development of more shops and hotels - Jobs are mainly seasonal, low paid with long hours

Answer 21

landscape local

Answer 22

Improved bus service for locals because of tourists. House prices have increased. Increase in litter New jobs in the area e.g. at local hotel. Employment opportunities in tourist shop. Erosion of path Damage to wall Local people get angry because of congestion. Local shops have changed into souvenir shop. Young people have moved away from area because of cost of houses. Some farmers use tourism as a way of increasing their income.

Answer 23

Each park produces a five year management plan If there is conflict between conservation and enjoyment, conservation always takes priority.

Answer 24

Reduce impact of car traffic The open-top New Forest Tour offers passengers spectacular views of the National Park More than 100 miles of way-marked cycle tracks

Answer 25

Events to share knowledge and experience of renewable technologies and energy saving measure such as solar, heat pumps, woodburners, lighting, and insulation.

Answer 26

Number of schemes have been introduced to sell local products to tourist and for locals to grow their own food.

Answer 27

They have a number of projects to educate local people about the importance of the forest and human impacts e.g. forest school and New Forest carbon footprint project

Answer 28

About 1/3 of British wildflowers grow in the New Forest 73% of British dragonflies species breed here Of 18 British species of bat, 13 are found in the New Forest

Answer 29

Visitors trample rare plants. Erosion caused by cyclists, horses, cars, and walkers. Fires started by BBQ’s. Litter. Dogs scare wildlife. As animals roam wild, they are sometimes hit by traffic. 50% of the forest is privately owned, of which 40% is not managed in an attractive way- overgrown or poorly managed.

Answer 30

Planning policy and decision making is operated in the wider public interest and recognises the National Park as a unique place of National Value. The planning system has to balance a wide range of considerations. Sustainable management is very important.

Answer 31

billion million

Answer 32

Storms and storm surges (High Tides and low pressure) Rising sea levels (Climate change) Lack of coastal protection schemes

Answer 33

coast killed properties

Answer 34

A storm surge is a temporary large-scale rise in sea level caused by strong winds pushing water towards the coast

Answer 35

Make people aware of flooding from rivers and the sea, provide flood warning services and build and maintain flood defences.

Answer 36

The Met Office is the UK's national weather service. It provides weather and climate-related services to the Armed Forces, government departments, the public, civil aviation, shipping, industry, agriculture and commerce.

Answer 37

-> Plan and Prepare for Floods eg. Flood Plan, Evacuation Plan -> Education of People -> Planning Regulations to stop building in risk areas – Planning Laws -> Coastal Defence Schemes e.g. Thames Barrier and East Coast of UK -> Building Design e.g. Built on stilts e.g. Suffolk Coast -> Forecasting – Early Warning Systems (Use historical data, Storm surges, Storm Tides)

Answer 38

Barking Creek Barrier Thames Barrier

Answer 39

This is a sustainable way of managing coastal flooding. They have moved away from hard engineering to managed realignment of the coast. This means that they will allow some areas of the coast to become a natural wetland.

Answer 40

-> Reduces the cost of hard defences costs by shortening the overall length of defences to be maintained. -> Recreates river, estuary or coastal habitats and uses them to absorb wave energy and store water in times of flood. -> Creates natural habitats or replaces habitats lost elsewhere

Answer 41

Cheap Help store water in time of floods Environmental method Land was of a low value

Answer 42

Damage to homes and properties Loss of life Contamination of fresh water Bridges and roads washed away Disruption of gas and electricity supplies Damage to crops

Answer 43

Environment Agency Early Warning Systems eg. texts Advice on what to do on websites Met Office

Answer 44

Waterproof plaster Using yacht vanish on wood Moving sockets up higher Stop building on flood plains Building on stilts

Answer 45

Dredge or widen the river (Channelisation) Build embankment or levee Flood Channel (Overflow Channel) Dam Storage Area (Washlands) Afforestation

Answer 46

Foss Barrier - Controls movement of water between the Foss and Ouse

Answer 47

York - River Ouse

Answer 48

Embankments Reservoir River Dredging Plant Trees Evacuation Plan Early Warning System Building Design Washlands

Answer 49

This allows the river channel to hold more water.

Answer 50

Floodgates allow access for vehicles and can be closed in times of flood.

Answer 51

redeveloping sewage

Answer 52

Channelisation enlarged catchment

Answer 53

Promoted awareness of flooding to local people, with its flood warning system. Emergency plans are also kept up to date. Work has taken place with farmers to reduce surface run off in the uplands and they have increase storage of water in reservoirs. An example of a flood storage area is Bishopdale. Floodplain zoning is also used to stop house building in unsuitable areas.

Answer 54

Embankments Leeman edge

Answer 55

ExxonMobil gave millions to climate-denying lawmakers despite pledge

Answer 56

... is neither a part of a government nor a conventional for-profit business.

Answer 57

Where they live How educated they are Level of concern for the environment Wealth Vested interest e.g. oil companies Confused Science (lots of different studies) Development stage of the country You need data over a long period of time Policies of the government

Answer 58

How much carbon you use (measures carbon emissions) Where you need to cut down the most

Answer 59

Estimated amount of CO2 the world can emit while still having a likely chance of limiting globalt emperature rise to 2C above pre-industrial levels.

Answer 60

natural effect rainforest Population

Answer 61

Winter will be between 1 and 4.5°C **warmer** and up to 30% **wetter** Summer will be between 1 and 6°C **warmer** and up to 60% **drier.**

Answer 62

The UK is already affected by rising temperatures. The average temperature in Britain is now 1˚C higher than it was 100 **years** ago and 0.5˚C higher than it was in the 1970s.

Answer 63

1) Warming oceans & melting polar ice and glaciers → Rising sea levels → coastal flooding & erosion 2) More extreme weather events 3) Increased river flooding 4) Increased flood hazard due to population pressure 5) Impact on ecosystems – species extinct/migrate, new species competing 6) Increased risk of drought 7) Impact on agriculture in UK and abroad (food prices) 8) More frequent heatwaves 9) Water shortages 10) Increasing number of climate change refugees may wish to migrate to Europe 11) Increased insurance

Answer 64

England 177% more rain Wales 300% more rain. Storm Dennis and Storm Ciara cost insurance companies £425million.

Answer 65

National Scale -> UK is involved in the United Nations Climate Change Conferences e.g. COP26 in Glasgow 2021– Looking to reduce greenhouses gases. -> Grants for renewable energy Feed-in tariff – Payment from an electricity supplier if you generate electricity from a renewable source. Renewable Heat Incentive Scheme – Payment for a renewable scheme and use it to warm your home or business. Green Deal – Grants to make your home or business more energy efficient. Cars – electric cars pay no tax Education – Help people save electricity/awareness of Carbon footprint Sustainable transport schemes

Answer 66

COP26 was the moment countries revisited climate pledges made under the 2015 Paris Agreement. Six years ago, countries were asked to make changes to keep global warming to 1.5°C. The work at COP26 was for world leaders to ‘keep 1.5°C within reach’ – meaning their actions left hope that we could still limit temperature rise to this target.

Answer 67

*Installing solar panels *Supplying sustainably grown veg to communities *Consider CC in all decisions *low carbon street lighting *fleet of electric vehicles *creating forest areas *wood fired boilers in offices and schools *wind turbines

Answer 68

Schools have been giving grants and advice on how to save energy. Eco-schools award. Some schools have started to use renewable energy types e.g. Canon Pyon has a wind turbine.

Answer 69

This was a campaign by the Catholic Church to encourage students to think about their impact on the world and sustainability. Many schools introduced energy efficient boilers and heaters. Others introduced signs to switch off lights. This reduces the amount of energy needed and CO2 emissions.

Answer 70

-> Green Badge parking (25% off) -> Updating buildings e.g. town hall -> Manchester is my planet – people pledge to reduce carbon footprint -> More people to use public transport: Metrolink. -> Lot of schools are eco-schools -> Less material to landfill (reduce methane)

Answer 71

Greenpeace is focusing its campaign on the use of fossil fuels. It is trying to persuade governments to produce energy in a sustainable way. Ideas include: Combined Heat and Power (CHP) schemes Use of renewable fuels Low carbon or electric cars Restrict the number of new airports