Paper 3 themes

Question 1

Governance to understand disaster impact, vulnerability and resilience (6)

Answer 1

How a whole country/local country is run

Good governance= more able to cope and faster recovery

Weak governance= increased vulnerability and impacts areas ability to cope with event

Poor governance impacts ability to plan, educate, predict, prepare

Linked to- corruption- money not spent on preparation, construction get around building regulations

Turkey corruption- increased deaths in Kathramanmaras (2023)

Question 2

Emergency planners use the hazard management cycle

Answer 2

Response- immediate actions after event

Recovery- rebuilding of economy, infrastructure

Migration- reduce impact of next hazard

Preparedness- education to ensure people are prepared

• less wealth communities cannot implement, opposition from locals and communication of strategies may not reach all communities

Question 2

Role of scientists in predicting and forecasting (5)

Answer 2

Prediction- when (temporal scale), where (spatial scale)

Forecasting- percentage chance of hazard occurring over set period of time

Earthquakes- seismic gap theory (high risk areas not experienced for some time)
Radon emissions
Animal behaviour

Volcanoes- GPS, tilt meters, satellites, gas detection eg heat sensors from magma rising, bulges in surface level

Tsunamis- sensors pick up changes in pressure, data transmitted to a bouy on surface, satellite transmits data to ground stations - warning sent out

Question 3

Role of planners and engineers in modifying the event (3)

Answer 3

Hazard risk mapping using GIS followed by land use zoning in volcanic eruptions

Build sea walls and replanting mangroves in tsunamis

Constructing aseismic buildings in earthquakes

Question 4

Models forecasting disaster impacts

Answer 4

Earthquake drills
storage of food
hazard resistant buildings
land use zoning