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GSCE PE > Papper 1 Revision > Flashcards

Papper 1 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six functions of the skeleton

A

Support
Posture
Protection
Movement
Making red blood cells
Mineral storage

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2
Q

Describe support

A

The skeleton has a rigid bone frame for the rest of the body. The skeleton supports the soft tissues like skin and muscle

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3
Q

Describe posture

A

The skeleton gives our body the correct shape. This helps you to have a good posture which is essential in loads of sports. E.g. good posture aids performance in gymnastics

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4
Q

Describe protection

A

Bones are very tough - they protect vital organs like the brain heart and lungs. This allows you to perform well in sport without fear of getting injured. E.g. the skull protects the brain during a header in football

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5
Q

Describe movement

A

Muscles, attached to bones by tendons, can move bones at a joint
This movement is essential for good performance in sport
There are different types of movement at the various joints, which are important in different sports

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6
Q

Describe making blood cells

A

Some bones contain bone marrow, which makes the components of the blood, including red blood cells.
Red blood cells are really important during excercise - they transport the oxygen that muscles need to move.
Athletes with more red blood cells perform better - more oxygen can be delivered to their muscles

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7
Q

Describe mineral storage

A

Bones store minerals like calcium and phosphorous
These help with bone strength - so your less likely to break a bone
They’re also needed for muscle contraction - so the body can move

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8
Q

What are the two ball and socket joints and articulating bones

A

Hip(pelvis and femur)
Shoulder(humerus and scapula)

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9
Q

What are the two hinge joints and articulating bones

A

Knee(femur and tibia)
Elbow(humerus, radius and ulna)

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10
Q

Describe ligaments

A

Hold bones together to restrict how much joints can move. This helps maintain the stability of the skeleton and prevents dislocation of joints. They’re made of tough and fibrous tissue(like very strong). They also protect Bon es and joints by absorbing shock

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11
Q

Describe tendons

A

Attach muscles to bone to allow bones to move when muscles contract

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12
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement. It also aids the stability of a joint

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13
Q

Describe synovial joint

A

The bones at a synovial joint are held together by ligaments. The ends of the bones are covered with cartilage and are shaped so that they fit together and can move smoothly. The synovial membrane e releases synovial fluid into the joint capsule to lubricate (or oil) the joint, allowing it to move easily

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14
Q

What are the six kinds of movement

A

Flexion
Extension
Rotation
Circumduction
Abduction
Addiction

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15
Q

Describe the difference between abduction and adduction

A

Abduction-moving away from an imaginary centre line
Adduction-moving towards and imagery centre line

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16
Q

Describe antagonistic pairs

A

Antagonistic are pairs of muscles that work against each other. One muscle contracts while the other one relaxes, and vice versa. The muscle that’s contracting is the agonist. The muscle that’s relaxing is the antagonist. Each muscle is attached to two bones by tendons. Only one of the bones connected at the joint actually moves

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17
Q

What are the antagonistic muscle pairs at the elbow, shoulder, kneee

A

Elbow, flexion - agonist - biceps, antagonist - triceps
Knee, flexion - agonist - hamstring, antagonist - quadriceps
Shoulder, flexion - agonist - front deltoids, antagonist - back deltoid
Shoulder, adduction - agonist - latissimus dorsi, antagonist - deltoid

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18
Q

What is the fulcrum

A

The joint where the lever arm pivots. It’s shown as a triangle

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19
Q

What is the effort(lever)

A

The force applied by the muscles to the lever arm. It’s shown as an arrow pointing in direction of the force

20
Q

What is the load

A

The pull against muscles on the lever arm. A square is used to represent the load

21
Q

What is the most common type of lever

A

3rd class

22
Q

Describe the mechanical advantage/disadvantage in the lever systems

A

1st class-provide some mechanical advantage depending whether the fulcrum is nearer to the effort or load
2nd class-always provide mechanical advantages(effort arm is bigger than load arm)
3rd class-always has mechanical disadvantage(resistance arm is bigger than effort arm

23
Q

Describe how the three planes split the body

A

Saggital plane-divides the body into left and right sides
Transverse plane-divides the body into top and bottom
Frontal plane-divides the body’s front and back

24
Q

Describe how the three axes split the body

A

Frontal axis-runs through the body from front to back
Longitudinal axis-runs through the body from top to bottom
Transverse axis-runs through the body from left to right

25
Q

What are the two main functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport of substances
Temperature control

26
Q

What are the two types of circuits that pump blood around the body

A

Pulmonary circuit
Systemic circuit

27
Q

Explain the pulmonary circuit

A

Deoxygenated blood enters the right ventricle;e through the tricuspid valve.
The right ventricle contracts, pushing the blood through the right semi-lunar valve into the pulmonary artery which carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs to become oxygenated .
Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium through the pulmonary veins.

28
Q

Explain the systemic circuit

A

Oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve.
The left ventricle contracts, pushing the blood through the left semi-lunar valve into the aorta(an artery), which carries the oxygenated blood to the rest of the body - including the muscles.
When the muscles have used the oxygen in the blood, it becomes deoxygenated. It then enters the right atrium through the vena cava vein.

29
Q

Describe arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart. All artists carry oxygenated blood except from the pulmonary artery. Their thick, muscular walls allow them to carry blood at high pressure. Thick muscle and small lumen.
The muscle in the walls of arteries and veins allow them to widen and narrow to control blood flow.

30
Q

Describe veins

A

Carry blood towards the heart, they have valves to stop blood flowing the wrong way.
All veins carry deoxygenated blood, expect from the pulmonary vein. They carry blood at low pressure, so they have e thinner walls and less muscle than arteries.

31
Q

Describe capillaries

A

Carry blood through the body to exchange gasses and nutrients with the body’s tissues.
They have very thin walls so substances can pass through easily. They’re also very narrow, which means lots of them can fit through body tissues - giving them a larger surface area to let gas exchange happen more easily. It also means that blood can only flow through them slowly - giving more time for gas exchange

32
Q

What is heart rate

A

The number of times your heart beats per minute.

33
Q

What is stroke volume

A

Volume of blood the left ventricle pumps with each contraction.(per beat)

34
Q

What is cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped out the left ventricle per beat

35
Q

Describe red blood cells

A

Carry oxygen and transport it around the body to be used to release energy needed by muscles during physical activity. They also carry carbon dioxide to the lungs. Haemoglobin(a protein in red blood cells) stores oxygen and carbon dioxide.

36
Q

What is the pathway of air

A

Nose-trachea-bronchi-bronchioles-alveoli

37
Q

What happens in the respiratory system when you breathe in

A

When you breathe in, the diaphragm and external intercostals contract to move the ribcage upwards and expand the chest cavity. This draws air into the lungs.

38
Q

What happens in the respiratory system when you breathe out

A

When you breathe out, the diaphragm and the external intercostals relax, moving the ribcage down and shrinking the chest cavity. This forces air back out of the lungs and the same way it came in.

39
Q

Describe gaseous exchange

A

Alveoli are surrounded by lots of capillaries, giving them a larger blood supply to exchange gasses with. They also have a large surface area and moist, thin walls - so gasses can easily pass through them. This exchange of gasses happens through a process called diffusion. This means the gasses move down a concentration gradient - from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration:
Alveoli: high concentration of oxygen and low concentration of carbon dioxide
In capillary: high concentration of carbon dioxide and low concentration of oxygen
Both gasses diffuse and swap

40
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water

41
Q

What is aerobic exercise

A

With oxygen. When exercise is not to fast and is steady, the heart can supply all the oxygen that the working muscles need.

42
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic excercise

A

Glucose - lactic acid + energy

43
Q

What is anaerobic exercise

A

Without oxygen. When excericse duration is short and at high intensity, the heart and the lungs can’t supply blood and oxygen to muscles as fast as the cells need them

44
Q

What is breathing rate

A

The number of breaths you take in per minute

45
Q

What’s is tidal volume

A

Amount of air you inspire and expire per breath

46
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

The volume of air you inspire and expire per minute

GSCE PE (12 decks)

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