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Parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Larval stage of Tania saginata

A

Cysticercus bovis

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2
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of Tania saginata

A

DH = human
IH = cows

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3
Q

Lifecycle of taenia saginata

A

Human eats Cysticerci in undercooked, infected muscle
Scolex attaches to the intestinal wall
Adult worms develop in the intestines and produce eggs
Eggs in faeces are passed into the environment
Cattle become infected by ingesting contaminated vegetation
Eggs hatch in the cattle intestines releasing oncospheres
Oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate into striated muscle via blood
In the muscle, oncospheres => Cysticerci

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4
Q

Name commonly affected tissues of taenia saginata

A

Muscles: heart, tongue, masseter, diaphragm

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5
Q

Give PM results of taenia saginata

A

Localised infection - partial rejection
Rest of carcass has to undergo freezing treatment
Generalised infection - total rejection
ABP category 2

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6
Q

Is there a zoonotic risk of taenia saginata

A

Yes
Humans only become infected by eating raw/undercooked beef containing the cysticerci

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7
Q

Give costs to the farmer of taenia saginata

A

Partial rejection
Total rejection if generalised

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8
Q

Advice to farmer - taenia saginata

A

Zoonoses
- Cook beef well before consumption
- Don’t eat meat which could potentially be contaminated
Reducing cases
- Treat cows with praziquantel monthly
- Make sure all human sewage is disposed of properly

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9
Q

larval stage of taenia ovis

A

cysticercus ovis

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10
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia ovis

A

DH= dogs
IH = sheep

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11
Q

lifecycle of taenia ovis

A

Eggs in dog faeces are passed into the environment
Sheep ingest the eggs from pasture and become infected
Eggs hatch within the sheep intestines => oncospheres
Oncospheres travel in the bloodstream to muscles where they develop => cysticerci
Dogs become infected by eating raw meat/offal which contain the cysts

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12
Q

Commonly affected tissues taenia ovis

A

Muscles: heart (mostly), masseter, diaphragm

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13
Q

PM results taenia ovis

A

Partial rejection of affected area
Total rejection if found in 3 or more locations
ABP category 2

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14
Q

is taenia ovis zoonotic

A

NO

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15
Q

Cost to farmer of taenia ovis

A

Tends to be total rejection so large cost

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16
Q

Advise to farmer taenia ovis

A

No risk of zoonoses
Reduce cases
- Worming all dogs with praziquantel monthly
- Don’t feed dogs raw offal
- Dispose of all carcasses rapidly to stop dogs scavenging
- Fence off footpaths to reduce risk of other dogs defecating in fields

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17
Q

larval stage of taenia hydatigena

A

cysticercus tenuicollis

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18
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia hydatigena

A

DH = dogs
IH = sheep, other livestock

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19
Q

lifecycle of taenia hydatigena

A

Eggs In dog faeces pass into the environment and contaminate the pasture
IH ingest the eggs, which hatch in the intestines => oncospheres
Oncospheres penetrate intestine wall and travel to the hepatic portal system
Develop into cysticerci and migrate to the liver parenchyma
Migrate until they reach the surface of the liver or the diaphragm
Dogs become infected by ingesting raw, infected meat
Cysticercus => adult in dogs intestine and produce eggs which are shed in faeces

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20
Q

Commonly affected tissues taenia hydatigena

A

Liver - will see migration tracts
Surface of other abdominal organs

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21
Q

PM results of taenia hydatigena

A

partial rejection of organ
ABP cat 2

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22
Q

Is taenia hydatigena zoonotic

A

NO

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23
Q

taenia hydatigena costs to farmer

A

Infection leads to major economic looses => poor livestock performance
- Loss of appetite
- Increased feed costs
- Poor carcase weight/daily weight gain
Partial rejection at PM

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24
Q

Advice to farmer taenia hydatigena

A

No risk of zoonoses
Reduce cases
- Worming all dogs with praziquantel monthly
- Don’t feed dogs raw offal
- Dispose of all carcasses rapidly to stop dogs scavenging
- Fence off footpaths to reduce risk of other dogs defecating in fields

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25
larval stage of taenia solium
Cysticercus cellulosae
26
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia solium
DH = humans IH = pigs and humans
27
lifecycle of taenia solium
Eggs in infected human faeces are shed into the environment IH becomes infected by eating eggs Eggs hatch => oncospheres in the intestine Oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to striated muscle, brain or liver In these target tissues => cysticerci DH becomes infected by eating raw, infected muscle where cysticerci => adults which produce eggs, which are passed in faeces
28
commonly affected tissue taenia solium
Muscle: Heart, brain, liver
29
PM results taenia solium
TOTAL rejection Even if just in one location as humans are an intermediate host, we can spread it to other humans and reinfect ourselves ABP cat 2
30
is taenia solium zoonotic
yes
31
advice to farmer taenia solium
Prevention in pigs - Make sure all human sewage is disposed of correctly - Vaccinate pigs - Worm pigs with praziquantel/ oxfendazole - Ensure good sanitation and husbandry Human treatment - Praziquantel - Don’t eat undercooked meat
32
taenia multiceps larval stage
Coenurus cerebralis
33
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia multiceps
DH = dog IH = sheep and other livestock
34
lifecycles of taenia multiceps
Eggs in infected dog faeces are passed into the environment Sheep ingest the eggs which hatch in the small intestine into oncospheres Oncospheres penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to brain and spinal cord via blood stream Oncospheres => coenuri in the intermediate host tissue Dogs become infected by ingesting infected brain or spinal cord Coenuri => adults in the intestine of dogs which produce eggs which are shed in faeces
35
commonly affected tissues taenia multiceps
brain spinal cord
36
PM results taenia multiceps
Partial rejection of the affected tissue ABP cat 2 If sheep >12 months, brain and spinal cord = SRM => ABP cat 1
37
is taenia multiceps zoonotic
Yes Human infection via eating infected faeces of dogs
38
Advice to farmer taenia multiceps
Zoonotic via dog faeces, not sheep Reducing cases - Treat dogs with fenbendazole or praziquantel monthly - Do not allow dog access to sheep carcasses - Fence off footpaths - Do not allow dogs to defecate in sheep fields
39
larval stage of echinococcus granulosus
hydatid cyst
40
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of echinococcus granulosus
DH = dogs IH = sheep
41
lifecycle of echinococcus granulosus
Eggs in infected dogs faeces are shed into the environment Sheep ingest eggs from pasture Egg hatches => oncosphere in the intestine of sheep Oncosphere penetrates intestinal wall and migrates to target tissues where they develop into cysticerci Dogs become infected by eating raw, infected meat containing the cysts Cysticerci => adult in dog intestine which produces eggs which are shed in faeces
42
commonly affected tissues echinococcus granulosus
Liver, lungs, other organs
43
PM results echinococcus granulosus
Partial rejection of affected organ Total rejection if multiple organs ABP cat 2
44
is echinococcus granulosus zoonotic
yes Humans become infected by contact with infected dog faeces No risk from being in contact with sheep
45
cost to farmer of echinococcus granulosus
Condemnation of affected organs Total rejection as can be found with emaciation Poor carcase weight Poor meat yield
46
Advice to farmer echinococcus granulosus
Zoonotic risk - Not via contact with sheep, human risk from infected dog faeces - Wash hands well, don’t allow dogs to defecate where children play - Don’t consume potentially contaminated food/water Reduce cases - Worm all dogs with praziquantel monthly - Don’t feed dogs raw offal - Dispose of all carcasses rapidly to stop dogs scavenging - Fence off footpaths to reduce risk of other dogs defecating in fields
47
which parasite is notifiable
echinococcus multicocularis
48
name the larval stage of echinococcus multicocularis
Cystic echinococcosis
49
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of echinococcus multicocularis, and describe the lifecycle
DH = fox IH = rodents Eggs are shed into the environment in infected fox faeces Rodents ingest the eggs which hatch into oncospheres in the intestine Oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to target tissues Form alveolar hydatid cysts Foxes become infected by ingesting infected tissues, and the adult develops in the small intestine and produces eggs
50
commonly affected tissues echinococcus multicocularis
liver
51
PM results echinococcus multicocularis
Partial rejection of affected tissue ABP cat 2 Notifiable
52
is echinococcus multicocularis zoonotic
yes
53
how to prevent spread of echinococcus multicocularis
Prevent dogs feeding on rodents Avoid contact with wild animals
54
what is the common name for ascaris suum
milk spot
55
name the larval stage of ascaris suum
ascarids eggs
56
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of ascaris suum
DH = pigs IH = none
57
lifecycle ascaris suum
Ascarids eggs in soil mature and are ingested by the pig Eggs with L3 ingested by a pig L3 hatches and penetrates in the intestinal mucosa and travels to the liver and hepatic portal vein Migrating L3 causes pathology Migration to the lungs to the bronchial tree --> coughed, swallowed and back into the intestine Adults in the intestine mate and produce highly resistant eggs
58
commonly affected organs ascaris suum
liver lungs
59
PM results ascaris suum
Partially reject the affected liver/lungs as ABP cat 3 No risk to animal health
60
is ascaris suum zoonotic
Yes - but very low risk to farmer/family
61
which pigs are most at risk for ascaris suum
Free range pigs Because the eggs are highly resistant and paratenic hosts makes it much more difficult to clean effectively to reduce the risk
62
advice to farmer ascaris suum
Benzimidazoles to kill intestinal adults Full cleaning and destruction of faeces 3-4 days after treatment Request abattoir to give report on efficacy of treatment Use faecal counts to assess problem in vivo
63
name the larval stage of trichinella spiralis
doesn't have one
64
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of trichinella spiralis
DH = pigs IH - not one as direct lifecycle
65
lifecycle of trichinella spiralis
Pigs ingest meat containing cysts with larvae inside Cyst walls are broken by the stomach and free larvae penetrate the SI Larvae sexually mature Females penetrate deeper into the intestinal mucosa and release larvae after mating Young larvae migrate into lymphatic system and penetrate muscle cells Encyst in striated muscle Ingested larvae infiltrate striated muscle cells and become cyst
66
commonly affected tissue trichinella spiralis
Striated muscle
67
PM results trichinella spiralis
Cysts are only seen microscopically Requires testing before going into the food chain - Samples taken from diaphragm, tongue, masseter, foreleg Carcasses must be held in chiller until a negative test result is received Partial rejection of affected tissue - Rest of carcass must be frozen ABP cat 2
68
is trichinella spiralis zoonotic
yes
69
advice to farmer trichinella spiralis
Don’t feed pigs raw meat scraps Cook meat thoroughly before human consumption Rat control important as they can spread it
70
name the larval stage of fasciola hepatica
Encysted metacercaria
71
Name the definitive host and intermediate host of fasciola hepatica
DH = livestock IH = Lymnea snail
72
lifecycle of fasciola hepatica
Eggs shed in livestock faeces After 2 weeks, eggs hatch => miracidium which migrate in the environment to find the Lymnea snail In the snail they develop and multiply, and then are shed from the snail as Cercaria after 6 weeks They then live in the vegetation where they are ingested by livestock grazing Immature fluke travel to the liver and migrate to the bile ducts => adult fluke Adult fluke produce eggs which are shed in faeces
73
commonly affected tissues fasciola hepatica
liver
74
PM results fasciola hepatica
Partial rejection of the liver ABP cat 3 - as doesn’t pose a risk to animal health
75
is fasciola hepatica zoonotic
Not really - only by ingesting plants contaminated with the immature larvae
76
fasciola hepatic cost to farmer
PM rejections Poor performance Animals can become anaemic Reduced milk yield
77
advice to farmer fasciola hepatica
Pasture management/rotation Avoid grazing in wet seasons - more likely to be snails Fence off wet areas Increase soil drainage Treat sheep using Triclabendazole

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