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VPH Lectures > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Larval stage of Tania saginata

A

Cysticercus bovis

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2
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of Tania saginata

A

DH = human
IH = cows

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3
Q

Lifecycle of taenia saginata

A

Human eats Cysticerci in undercooked, infected muscle
Scolex attaches to the intestinal wall
Adult worms develop in the intestines and produce eggs
Eggs in faeces are passed into the environment
Cattle become infected by ingesting contaminated vegetation
Eggs hatch in the cattle intestines releasing oncospheres
Oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate into striated muscle via blood
In the muscle, oncospheres => Cysticerci

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4
Q

Name commonly affected tissues of taenia saginata

A

Muscles: heart, tongue, masseter, diaphragm

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5
Q

Give PM results of taenia saginata

A

Localised infection - partial rejection
Rest of carcass has to undergo freezing treatment
Generalised infection - total rejection
ABP category 2

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6
Q

Is there a zoonotic risk of taenia saginata

A

Yes
Humans only become infected by eating raw/undercooked beef containing the cysticerci

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7
Q

Give costs to the farmer of taenia saginata

A

Partial rejection
Total rejection if generalised

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8
Q

Advice to farmer - taenia saginata

A

Zoonoses
- Cook beef well before consumption
- Don’t eat meat which could potentially be contaminated
Reducing cases
- Treat cows with praziquantel monthly
- Make sure all human sewage is disposed of properly

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9
Q

larval stage of taenia ovis

A

cysticercus ovis

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10
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia ovis

A

DH= dogs
IH = sheep

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11
Q

lifecycle of taenia ovis

A

Eggs in dog faeces are passed into the environment
Sheep ingest the eggs from pasture and become infected
Eggs hatch within the sheep intestines => oncospheres
Oncospheres travel in the bloodstream to muscles where they develop => cysticerci
Dogs become infected by eating raw meat/offal which contain the cysts

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12
Q

Commonly affected tissues taenia ovis

A

Muscles: heart (mostly), masseter, diaphragm

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13
Q

PM results taenia ovis

A

Partial rejection of affected area
Total rejection if found in 3 or more locations
ABP category 2

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14
Q

is taenia ovis zoonotic

A

NO

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15
Q

Cost to farmer of taenia ovis

A

Tends to be total rejection so large cost

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16
Q

Advise to farmer taenia ovis

A

No risk of zoonoses
Reduce cases
- Worming all dogs with praziquantel monthly
- Don’t feed dogs raw offal
- Dispose of all carcasses rapidly to stop dogs scavenging
- Fence off footpaths to reduce risk of other dogs defecating in fields

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17
Q

larval stage of taenia hydatigena

A

cysticercus tenuicollis

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18
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia hydatigena

A

DH = dogs
IH = sheep, other livestock

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19
Q

lifecycle of taenia hydatigena

A

Eggs In dog faeces pass into the environment and contaminate the pasture
IH ingest the eggs, which hatch in the intestines => oncospheres
Oncospheres penetrate intestine wall and travel to the hepatic portal system
Develop into cysticerci and migrate to the liver parenchyma
Migrate until they reach the surface of the liver or the diaphragm
Dogs become infected by ingesting raw, infected meat
Cysticercus => adult in dogs intestine and produce eggs which are shed in faeces

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20
Q

Commonly affected tissues taenia hydatigena

A

Liver - will see migration tracts
Surface of other abdominal organs

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21
Q

PM results of taenia hydatigena

A

partial rejection of organ
ABP cat 2

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22
Q

Is taenia hydatigena zoonotic

A

NO

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23
Q

taenia hydatigena costs to farmer

A

Infection leads to major economic looses => poor livestock performance
- Loss of appetite
- Increased feed costs
- Poor carcase weight/daily weight gain
Partial rejection at PM

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24
Q

Advice to farmer taenia hydatigena

A

No risk of zoonoses
Reduce cases
- Worming all dogs with praziquantel monthly
- Don’t feed dogs raw offal
- Dispose of all carcasses rapidly to stop dogs scavenging
- Fence off footpaths to reduce risk of other dogs defecating in fields

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25
Q

larval stage of taenia solium

A

Cysticercus cellulosae

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26
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia solium

A

DH = humans
IH = pigs and humans

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27
Q

lifecycle of taenia solium

A

Eggs in infected human faeces are shed into the environment
IH becomes infected by eating eggs
Eggs hatch => oncospheres in the intestine
Oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to striated muscle, brain or liver
In these target tissues => cysticerci
DH becomes infected by eating raw, infected muscle where cysticerci => adults which produce eggs, which are passed in faeces

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28
Q

commonly affected tissue taenia solium

A

Muscle: Heart, brain, liver

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29
Q

PM results taenia solium

A

TOTAL rejection
Even if just in one location as humans are an intermediate host, we can spread it to other humans and reinfect ourselves
ABP cat 2

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30
Q

is taenia solium zoonotic

A

yes

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31
Q

advice to farmer taenia solium

A

Prevention in pigs
- Make sure all human sewage is disposed of correctly
- Vaccinate pigs
- Worm pigs with praziquantel/ oxfendazole
- Ensure good sanitation and husbandry
Human treatment
- Praziquantel
- Don’t eat undercooked meat

32
Q

taenia multiceps larval stage

A

Coenurus cerebralis

33
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of taenia multiceps

A

DH = dog
IH = sheep and other livestock

34
Q

lifecycles of taenia multiceps

A

Eggs in infected dog faeces are passed into the environment
Sheep ingest the eggs which hatch in the small intestine into oncospheres
Oncospheres penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to brain and spinal cord via blood stream
Oncospheres => coenuri in the intermediate host tissue
Dogs become infected by ingesting infected brain or spinal cord
Coenuri => adults in the intestine of dogs which produce eggs which are shed in faeces

35
Q

commonly affected tissues taenia multiceps

A

brain
spinal cord

36
Q

PM results taenia multiceps

A

Partial rejection of the affected tissue
ABP cat 2
If sheep >12 months, brain and spinal cord = SRM => ABP cat 1

37
Q

is taenia multiceps zoonotic

A

Yes
Human infection via eating infected faeces of dogs

38
Q

Advice to farmer taenia multiceps

A

Zoonotic via dog faeces, not sheep
Reducing cases
- Treat dogs with fenbendazole or praziquantel monthly
- Do not allow dog access to sheep carcasses
- Fence off footpaths
- Do not allow dogs to defecate in sheep fields

39
Q

larval stage of echinococcus granulosus

A

hydatid cyst

40
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of echinococcus granulosus

A

DH = dogs
IH = sheep

41
Q

lifecycle of echinococcus granulosus

A

Eggs in infected dogs faeces are shed into the environment
Sheep ingest eggs from pasture
Egg hatches => oncosphere in the intestine of sheep
Oncosphere penetrates intestinal wall and migrates to target tissues where they develop into cysticerci
Dogs become infected by eating raw, infected meat containing the cysts
Cysticerci => adult in dog intestine which produces eggs which are shed in faeces

42
Q

commonly affected tissues echinococcus granulosus

A

Liver, lungs, other organs

43
Q

PM results echinococcus granulosus

A

Partial rejection of affected organ
Total rejection if multiple organs
ABP cat 2

44
Q

is echinococcus granulosus zoonotic

A

yes
Humans become infected by contact with infected dog faeces
No risk from being in contact with sheep

45
Q

cost to farmer of echinococcus granulosus

A

Condemnation of affected organs
Total rejection as can be found with emaciation
Poor carcase weight
Poor meat yield

46
Q

Advice to farmer echinococcus granulosus

A

Zoonotic risk
- Not via contact with sheep, human risk from infected dog faeces
- Wash hands well, don’t allow dogs to defecate where children play
- Don’t consume potentially contaminated food/water
Reduce cases
- Worm all dogs with praziquantel monthly
- Don’t feed dogs raw offal
- Dispose of all carcasses rapidly to stop dogs scavenging
- Fence off footpaths to reduce risk of other dogs defecating in fields

47
Q

which parasite is notifiable

A

echinococcus multicocularis

48
Q

name the larval stage of echinococcus multicocularis

A

Cystic echinococcosis

49
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of echinococcus multicocularis, and describe the lifecycle

A

DH = fox
IH = rodents
Eggs are shed into the environment in infected fox faeces
Rodents ingest the eggs which hatch into oncospheres in the intestine
Oncospheres penetrate the intestinal wall and migrate to target tissues
Form alveolar hydatid cysts
Foxes become infected by ingesting infected tissues, and the adult develops in the small intestine and produces eggs

50
Q

commonly affected tissues echinococcus multicocularis

A

liver

51
Q

PM results echinococcus multicocularis

A

Partial rejection of affected tissue
ABP cat 2
Notifiable

52
Q

is echinococcus multicocularis zoonotic

A

yes

53
Q

how to prevent spread of echinococcus multicocularis

A

Prevent dogs feeding on rodents
Avoid contact with wild animals

54
Q

what is the common name for ascaris suum

A

milk spot

55
Q

name the larval stage of ascaris suum

A

ascarids eggs

56
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of ascaris suum

A

DH = pigs
IH = none

57
Q

lifecycle ascaris suum

A

Ascarids eggs in soil mature and are ingested by the pig
Eggs with L3 ingested by a pig
L3 hatches and penetrates in the intestinal mucosa and travels to the liver and hepatic portal vein
Migrating L3 causes pathology
Migration to the lungs to the bronchial tree –> coughed, swallowed and back into the intestine
Adults in the intestine mate and produce highly resistant eggs

58
Q

commonly affected organs ascaris suum

A

liver
lungs

59
Q

PM results ascaris suum

A

Partially reject the affected liver/lungs as ABP cat 3
No risk to animal health

60
Q

is ascaris suum zoonotic

A

Yes - but very low risk to farmer/family

61
Q

which pigs are most at risk for ascaris suum

A

Free range pigs
Because the eggs are highly resistant and paratenic hosts makes it much more difficult to clean effectively to reduce the risk

62
Q

advice to farmer ascaris suum

A

Benzimidazoles to kill intestinal adults
Full cleaning and destruction of faeces 3-4 days after treatment
Request abattoir to give report on efficacy of treatment
Use faecal counts to assess problem in vivo

63
Q

name the larval stage of trichinella spiralis

A

doesn’t have one

64
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of trichinella spiralis

A

DH = pigs
IH - not one as direct lifecycle

65
Q

lifecycle of trichinella spiralis

A

Pigs ingest meat containing cysts with larvae inside
Cyst walls are broken by the stomach and free larvae penetrate the SI
Larvae sexually mature
Females penetrate deeper into the intestinal mucosa and release larvae after mating
Young larvae migrate into lymphatic system and penetrate muscle cells
Encyst in striated muscle
Ingested larvae infiltrate striated muscle cells and become cyst

66
Q

commonly affected tissue trichinella spiralis

A

Striated muscle

67
Q

PM results trichinella spiralis

A

Cysts are only seen microscopically
Requires testing before going into the food chain
- Samples taken from diaphragm, tongue, masseter, foreleg
Carcasses must be held in chiller until a negative test result is received
Partial rejection of affected tissue
- Rest of carcass must be frozen
ABP cat 2

68
Q

is trichinella spiralis zoonotic

A

yes

69
Q

advice to farmer trichinella spiralis

A

Don’t feed pigs raw meat scraps
Cook meat thoroughly before human consumption
Rat control important as they can spread it

70
Q

name the larval stage of fasciola hepatica

A

Encysted metacercaria

71
Q

Name the definitive host and intermediate host of fasciola hepatica

A

DH = livestock
IH = Lymnea snail

72
Q

lifecycle of fasciola hepatica

A

Eggs shed in livestock faeces
After 2 weeks, eggs hatch => miracidium which migrate in the environment to find the Lymnea snail
In the snail they develop and multiply, and then are shed from the snail as Cercaria after 6 weeks
They then live in the vegetation where they are ingested by livestock grazing
Immature fluke travel to the liver and migrate to the bile ducts => adult fluke
Adult fluke produce eggs which are shed in faeces

73
Q

commonly affected tissues fasciola hepatica

A

liver

74
Q

PM results fasciola hepatica

A

Partial rejection of the liver
ABP cat 3 - as doesn’t pose a risk to animal health

75
Q

is fasciola hepatica zoonotic

A

Not really - only by ingesting plants contaminated with the immature larvae

76
Q

fasciola hepatic cost to farmer

A

PM rejections
Poor performance
Animals can become anaemic
Reduced milk yield

77
Q

advice to farmer fasciola hepatica

A

Pasture management/rotation
Avoid grazing in wet seasons - more likely to be snails
Fence off wet areas
Increase soil drainage
Treat sheep using Triclabendazole

VPH Lectures (23 decks)

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