Parasites

Question 1

what preservations are good for eggs, larvae, and cysts

Answer 1

refrigeration
10% formalin
MIF

Question 2

what preservations are good for trophozoites

Answer 2

PVA (best)

SAF

Question 3

advantages of formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation

Answer 3

indefinite
easy
detects all parasites

Question 4

disadvantage of formalin ethyl acetate sedimentation

Answer 4

more debris

Question 5

advantage of zinc sulfate flotation technique

Answer 5

no flammable chemicals

cleaner preparation

Question 6

disadvantage of zinc sulfate flotation technique

Answer 6

large eggs and operculated eggs missed

Question 7

general characterisitics of round worms

Answer 7

males smaller
unsegmented
complete digestive tract

Question 8

largest nematode

Answer 8

ascaris lumbricoides

Question 9

infection mode of ascaris lumbricoides

Answer 9

infective egg ingested

Question 10

diagnosis of ascaris lumbricoides

Answer 10

adult worms or eggs in feces

larvae in sputum

Question 11

most common helminth of humans

Answer 11

enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)

Question 12

infection mode of enterobius vermicularis

Answer 12

infective eggs ingested

Question 13

diagnosis of pinworm

Answer 13

scotch tape (eggs and larvae

Question 14

infection mode of trichuris trichiuria (whipworm)

Answer 14

infective eggs ingested

Question 15

diagnosis of whipworm

Answer 15

egg in feces

Question 16

football shaped with mucoid polar plugs egg

Answer 16

tricguris trichuria

Question 17

smallest nematode

Answer 17

strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm)

Question 18

noninfective form of threadworm

Answer 18

rhabditiform larva

Question 19

infective form of threadworm

Answer 19

filariform larva (penetrates skin)

Question 20

short buccal cavity with notch at end of tail

larva

Answer 20

strongyloides stercoralis

Question 21

diagnosis of strongyloides stercoralis

Answer 21

rhabditiform larvae / filariform larvae in stool

adult / larva/ eggs in sputum

Question 22

characteristics of rhabditiform larvae of hookworm

Answer 22

long buccal cavity

Question 23

infective stage of hookworm

Answer 23

filariform larvae

Question 24

characteristics of filariform larvae of hookworm

Answer 24

long buccal cavity

pointed tail

Question 25

diagnosis of hookworm

Answer 25

egg in feces

Question 26

what organisms are hookworm

Answer 26

``` necator americanus (new world) ancylostoma duodenale (old world) ```

Question 27

how do you differentiate hook worm adults?

Answer 27

necator - cutting plates | duodenale - 2 pair

Question 28

infective stage of trichinella spiralis

Answer 28

ingestion of encysted larvae in pork

Question 29

diagnosis of trichinella spiralis

Answer 29

muscle biopsy | encysted larvae in muscle

Question 30

larval stage: sheathed no nuclei in tail nocturnal periodicity

Answer 30

wuchereria bancrofti

Question 31

diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti

Answer 31

larvae in blood smear

Question 32

what condition does wuchereria bancrofti cause?

Answer 32

elephantiasis

Question 33

microfilaria: sheathed 2 terminal nuclei at tip of tail

Answer 33

brugia malayi

Question 34

diagnosis of brugia malayi

Answer 34

larvae in blood smear

Question 35

microfilaria: sheathed nuclei in tip of tail diurnal periodicity

Answer 35

loa loa (eye worm)

Question 36

what organism causes calabar swellings

Answer 36

loa loa

Question 37

diagnosis of loa loa

Answer 37

larvae in blood smear

Question 38

microfilaria: NOT sheathed NO nuclei nodules under skin NOT blood

Answer 38

onchocerca volvulus

Question 39

what causes river blindness

Answer 39

onchocerca volvulus

Question 40

diagnosis of onchocerca volvulus

Answer 40

larvae in skin / tissue scrapings

Question 41

what two microfilaria are transmitted by mosquito?

Answer 41

wucheria bancrofti | brugia malayi

Question 42

what two microfilaria are transmitted by fly?

Answer 42

loa loa | onchocerca volvulus

Question 43

general characteristics of cestodes (tapeworms)

Answer 43

``` flat ribbon like segmented hermaphroditic 4 cup shaped suckers on scolex (except diphyllobothrium latum (2)) ```

Question 44

scolex: unarmed rostellum | 2000 proglottids

Answer 44

taenia saginata (beef)

Question 45

infective stage of taenia saginata

Answer 45

larval stage

Question 46

diagnosis of taenia saginata

Answer 46

``` egg in feces (kiwi slice) stained proglottids (15-30 uterine branches) ```

Question 47

scolex: armed rostellum | 1000 proglottid

Answer 47

taenia solium (pork)

Question 48

infective stage taenia solium

Answer 48

larval stage

Question 49

what organism can cause cysticercosis where the human is intermediate host?

Answer 49

taenia solium

Question 50

diagnostic stage of taenia solium

Answer 50

``` egg in feces stained proglottids (7 - 13 uterine branches) ```

Question 51

most common tapeworm in US

Answer 51

hymenolepis nana (dwarf)

Question 52

small tapeworm 200 segments armed rostellum

Answer 52

hymenolepis nana

Question 53

infective stage of hymenolepis nana

Answer 53

ingestion of eggs

Question 54

diagnosis of hymenolepis nana

Answer 54

egg in feces | polar filaments

Question 55

unarmed rostellum rat definitive host man accidental host

Answer 55

hymenolepis diminuta (rat)

Question 56

infective stage of hymenolepis diminuta

Answer 56

ingestion of flea

Question 57

diagnosis of hymenolepis diminuta

Answer 57

egg in feces | no polar filaments

Question 58

scolex: two longitudinal grooves (bothria) spoon shape rosette uterus 3000 proglottids

Answer 58

diphyllobothrium latum (broad fish tapeworm)

Question 59

infective stage of diphyllobothrium latum

Answer 59

ingestion of larvae in freshwater fish

Question 60

diagnosis of diphyllobothrium latum

Answer 60

egg or proglottids in feces

Question 61

what is the only cestode to produce operculated eggs?

Answer 61

diphyllobothrium latum

Question 62

what diseases can diphyllobothrium latum cause?

Answer 62

megaloblastic anemia | sparganosis

Question 63

very small tapeworm 3 proglottids armed rostellum

Answer 63

echinococcus granulosus (hydatid)

Question 64

what is the intermediate host for echinococcus granulosus?

Answer 64

sheep ingest eggs

Question 65

what is the definitive host for echinococcus granulosus?

Answer 65

dog

Question 66

infective stage of echinococcus granulosus

Answer 66

ingests eggs

Question 67

diagnosis of echinococcus granulosus

Answer 67

hydatid cysts x -ray or surgery

Question 68

scolex: armed rostellum | pumpkin/cucumber seed proglottids

Answer 68

dipylidium caninum (dog tapeworm)

Question 69

infective stage of dipylidium caninum

Answer 69

ingests infected flea

Question 70

diagnosis of dipylidium caninum

Answer 70

egg packet (5-30 eggs) in feces

Question 71

general characteristics of trematodes (flukes)

Answer 71

``` flat leaf shaped hermaphroditic require intermediate host snail is ALWAYS 1st intermediate host operculated eggs ```

Question 72

who is the definitive host in trematode infections

Answer 72

man

Question 73

infective stage of fasciolopsis buski

Answer 73

raw aquatic vegetation with encysted metacercaria

Question 74

giant intestinal fluke

Answer 74

fasciolopsis buski

Question 75

diagnostic stage of fasciolopsis buski

Answer 75

eggs in feces (very large)

Question 76

where is fasciolopsis buski found

Answer 76

asia

Question 77

sheep liver fluke

Answer 77

fasciola hepatica

Question 78

infective stage of fasciola hepatica

Answer 78

ingest raw aquatic vegetation with encysted metacercaria

Question 79

diagnosis of fasciola hepatica

Answer 79

eggs in feces

Question 80

what are the reservoir hosts in fasciola hepatica

Answer 80

sheep and cattle

Question 81

chinese liver fluke

Answer 81

clonorchis sinensis

Question 82

infective stage of clonorchis sinensis

Answer 82

ingestion of raw fish with metacercaria

Question 83

diagnosis of clonorchis sinensis

Answer 83

eggs in feces (comma shaped appendage)

Question 84

oriental lung fluke

Answer 84

paragonimus westermani

Question 85

infective stage of paragonimus westermani

Answer 85

ingestion of crustacean with metacercaria

Question 86

diagnosis of paragonimus westermani

Answer 86

egg in feces or sputum | operculated with shoulders

Question 87

blood flukes

Answer 87

schistosomes

Question 88

what is the most important trematode in man and why?

Answer 88

schistosomes | severity of infection

Question 89

infective stage of schistosomes

Answer 89

cercariae in water directly penetrate skin

Question 90

diagnosis of schistosomes

Answer 90

egg in feces or urine | may NOT be seen in flotation techniques

Question 91

schistosome mansoni spine

Answer 91

conspicuous lateral

Question 92

schistosome japonicum spine

Answer 92

inconspicuous lateral knob

Question 93

schistosome haematobium spine

Answer 93

terminal spine

Question 94

what disease can schistosomes cause?

Answer 94

swimmer's itch