Parasitology

Question 1

Parasitism association

Answer 1

Heterotypic- different species
Negative- gives negative consequences
Temporal/permanent
External/internal

Question 2

Parasite

Answer 2

Usually smaller with lower zoological level

Question 3

Host

Answer 3

The one being affected

Bigger and with higher zoological level

Question 4

Types of hosts

Answer 4

Regarding:
the stage of parasite
Specificity of parasite-host relation
Epizootiologic characteristics

Question 5

Definitive host

Answer 5

Adult stages of the parasite

Stages of sexual reproduction

Question 6

Intermediate host

Answer 6

Larval stages of parasite

Stages of Asexual reproduction

Question 7

Type specificity

Answer 7

The specie where the parasite was first detected

Question 8

Obligatory specificity

Answer 8

Essential to complete life cycle

Question 9

Principal specificity

Answer 9

The most specific host

Question 10

Accidental specificity

Answer 10

Not the usual host

Question 11

Artificial specificity

Answer 11

Experimentally in non-natural hosts

Question 12

Paratenic specificity

Answer 12

Not necessary but facilitates transmission

Question 13

Vector

Answer 13

Invertebrate carrying parasite (mostly to DH)
Mechanic- no development of parasite
Biological- with development of parasite
Multiplicative- multiplication occurs in vector
Cycloevolutive- evolution but not multiplication
Cyclomultiplicative- evolution and multiplication

Question 14

Reservoir host

Answer 14

Harbor parasite and do not really suffer from it

Question 15

Bridge host

Answer 15

Usually IH parasite bearing unusual shape

Usually associated to biological cycles

Question 16

Types of zooparasites

Answer 16

Protozoa
Helminths/worms
Arthropoda

Question 17

Ectoparasites

Answer 17

Outside host

Question 18

Endoparasites

Answer 18

Lives inside host

Question 19

Erratics

Answer 19

Outside their usual place

Question 20

Obligated

Answer 20

Needs to be in specific place/host to complete life cycle

Question 21

Facultative

Answer 21

Doesn’t rely on specific host/place to complete their life cycle

Question 22

Accidentals

Answer 22

Being in other than normal place/host

Question 23

Eurixenic

Answer 23

Wide spectrum of hosts

Question 24

Stenoxenic

Answer 24

Narrow spectrum of hosts

Question 25

Oligoxenic

Answer 25

Only a few possible hosts

Question 26

Monoxenic

Answer 26

Only one possible host

Question 27

Heteroxenic

Answer 27

One DH, one ore more IH

Question 28

Autoheteroxenic

Answer 28

Same specie can act as DH and IH depending on parasites phase

Question 29

Pathogenic

Answer 29

Directly causing disease | Only a few are

Question 30

Facultatively pathogenic

Answer 30

Can be pathogenic | Most of parasites

Question 31

Non pathogenic

Answer 31

Does not cause disease | Very few

Question 32

Direct life cycle

Answer 32

Monoxenic parasites | Only one host required

Question 33

Indirect life cycle

Answer 33

Heteroxenic parasites | Needs more than one host

Question 34

Diheteroxenic

Answer 34

One DH and one IH

Question 35

Poliheteroxenic

Answer 35

One DH and two or more IH

Question 36

Types of morphological adaptations

Answer 36

Dev. Of attachment organs Reduction of locomotive organs Reduction/absence of non-useful organs Biotope adaptations

Question 37

Types of biological adaptations

Answer 37

``` Reproductive Space-temporal Physic-chemical Manipulation of host behavior Evasion of host immune response ```

Question 38

Routes of infection

Answer 38

``` Oral Cutaneous (with or without penetration) Nasal Auditory Ocular Genitourinary Transplacental Transovaric ```

Question 39

Intraorganic migrations

Answer 39

Final lateral cation other than entrance Returning to entrance location Erratic migrations

Question 40

Exit routes

Answer 40

``` Fecal Urine Skin (active or passive) Nasal Ocular Genital Transplacental Transmammary Predations Hyperparasitism ```

Question 41

Zoonotic diseases

Answer 41

``` Can be transferred between animal and human by: Cestodes Trematodes Nematodes Arthropods ```

Question 42

General characteristics Arthropoda

Answer 42

``` Jointed limbs Coelom, bilateral symmetry Chitinous skeleton Dioecious Respiratory, nervous, circulatory, excretory, reproductive and digestive system ```

Question 43

Cuticle structure

Answer 43

Cuticle itself has no cells Composed of proteins+Ca salts, chitin Function as protection, muscle insertion, rigidity Insoluble, indegistible

Question 44

Sensorial structure of cuticle

Answer 44

Fine hairs, spines or microtriquia | Hairs or setae (trichogen cells, can have sensitive neurons)

Question 45

Metamorphosis of arthropods

Answer 45

Controlled by hormones Complete- egg, larvae, pupal, imago/adult Incomplete- egg, nymph, imago/adult

Question 46

Tagmatization of arthropods

Answer 46

“Segmentation” Head- antennae, mouthparts/chelicerae Thorax (legs and alae)- prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax Abdomen- organs and reproductory appendices

Question 47

Leg construction in arthropods

Answer 47

``` Coax Trochanter Femur Patella Tibia Tarsus Metatarsus ```

Question 48

Respiratory types in arthropods

Answer 48

Gills Tracheal Tegument

Question 49

Phylum Arthropoda

Answer 49

Subphylum Crustacea/chelicerata-Class arachnida=mites and ticks Subphylum uniramia-Class insects=lice, fleas, mosquitoes, flies, bugs