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MLT-MLS Spring 2023 > Parasitology Nematodes > Flashcards

Parasitology Nematodes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mouth of a nematode known as?

A

Buccal (buckle) cavity

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2
Q

What is the exterior of a nematode known as?

A

Cuticle

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3
Q

What is a pregnant female nematode referred to as?

A

Gravid female

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4
Q

Common name for nematodes

A

Roundworm

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5
Q

Scientific name for roundworm

A

Nematode

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6
Q

Most common stages of nematode development (3)

A
  1. ova (eggs)
  2. Larva
  3. Adult (worm)
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7
Q

This stage of nematode development is resistant and transmissible

A

Ova

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8
Q

This stage of nematode development is considered the feeding and growth stage and may be transmissible

A

Larva

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9
Q

This is the reproductive stage of nematodes and causes pathogenesis

A

Adult (worm)

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10
Q

3 types of ova

A
  • Unfertilized
    -Fertilized
    -Embryonated
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11
Q

This type of ova may have an embryo that appears segmented

A

Fertilized

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12
Q

This type of ova contains a developing embryo or larval form

A

Embryonated

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13
Q

Scientific name for Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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14
Q

Common name for Enterobius vermicularis

A

Pinworm

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15
Q

This nematode has jellybean shaped ova

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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16
Q

This is the most common helminth infection in the US

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Humans are the only known host for pinworm

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Why is Enterobius vermicularis known as pinworm?

A

The adult females have a sharp, pin-shaped posterior

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19
Q

What is the infective stage for Enterobius vermicularis?

A

Embryonated ova

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20
Q

Method of infection for pinworm

A

Ingestion of embryonated ova

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21
Q

Diagnostic stage for Enterobius vermicularis

A

Embryonated ova

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22
Q

Method of diagnosis for Enterobius vermicularis

A

Cellophane tape prep or Scotch tape prep

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23
Q

Definition: intense itching

A

Pruritus

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24
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Enterobius vermicularis ova are too heavy to be transmitted in the air

A

FALSE - they are light enough to float in the air

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Gravid pinworm females can lay up to 15,000 eggs/day

A

TRUE

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26
Q

Where do adult Enterobius vermicularis reside in humans?

A

Colon, cecum, and appendix

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27
Q

Definition: process of reinfecting oneself

A

Autoreinfection

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28
Q

Definition: hatched larva travel back into the rectum and large intestine and mature into adults

A

Retroinfection

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29
Q

3rd most common helminth infection in the US

A

Trichuris trichiura

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30
Q

Common name for Trichuris trichiura

A

Whipworm

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31
Q

This helminth has ova shaped like barrel/footballs/lemons

A

Trichuris trichiura

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32
Q

What are the ends of whipworm ova known as?

A

Polar/hyaline plugs

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33
Q

Infective stage for Trichuris trichiura

A

Embryonated ova

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34
Q

Method of infection for whipworm

A

Ingestion of embryonated ova

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35
Q

Diagnostic stage for Trichuris trichiura

A

Unembryonated ova

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36
Q

Method of diagnosis for Trichuris trichiura

A

Identify unembryonated ova in feces

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37
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Gravid whipworm females can lay up to 5000 eggs/day

A

TRUE

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38
Q

Serious infections with this helminth can lead to a prolapsed rectum

A

Trichuris trichiura

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39
Q

This is the most common helminth infection WORLDWIDE

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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40
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides is the ______ most common helminth infection in the US

A

2nd most common

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41
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest adult nematode

A

FALSE it is the largest adult INTESTINAL nematode (up to 35 cm in length)

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42
Q

2 types of ova that can be seen in samples for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Fertile and infertile

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43
Q

Biggest difference between Ascaris lumbricoides fertile and infertile ova

A

Fertile are round-oval and has an inner translucent layer whereas Infertile are elongated and have inner globular material

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44
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides ova may be _______ or _______

A

Mammillated or Decorticated

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45
Q

Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Embryonated ova

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46
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides method of infection

A

Ingestion of embryonated ova

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47
Q

What type of migration do Ascaris lumbricoides have?

A

Liver-Lung migration

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48
Q

Diagnostic stage for Ascaris lumbricoides

A

Fertile or Infertile ova

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49
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides method of diagnosis

A

Identify fertile/infertile ova in feces

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50
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Ascaris lumbricoides gravid females can lay up to 250,000 eggs/day

A

TRUE

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51
Q

Ascaris are known as ________ migrators meaning they will exit the host through any orifice when they feel threatened or upset

A

Active migrators

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52
Q

This helminth may cause a bolus of worms that obstruct the bowel or appendix

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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53
Q

Scientific name for New World Hookworm

A

Necator americanus

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54
Q

Scientific name for Old World Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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55
Q

Common name for Necator americanus

A

New World Hookworm

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56
Q

Scientific name for Old World Hookworm

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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57
Q

Which hookworm has cutting plates?

A

Necator americanus

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58
Q

Which hookworm has teeth-like structures?

A

Ancylostoma duodenale

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59
Q

These helminths are known for being notorious bloodsuckers

A

Hookworms

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60
Q

These helminths can cause iron deficiency as well as hypochromic/microcytic anemia

A

Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus

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61
Q

The ova for this helminth are:
-oval shaped
-colorless
-have a thin smooth shell
-segmented embryo (2-8 segments)
-inner translucent layer

A

Hookworm
-Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale

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62
Q

Development stages for hookworm (4)

A

-Ova
-Rhabditiform larva (1st stage/feeding/growth stage)
-Filariform larva (3rd stage/infective stage)
-Adult

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63
Q

Infective stage for hookworm

A

Filariform larva

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64
Q

Method of infection for hookworm

A

Filariform larva penetrate the skin

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65
Q

What type of migration are hookworms known to have?

A

Heart-Lung migration

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66
Q

Hookworm diagnostic stage

A

Ova

67
Q

Method of diagnosis for hookworm

A

Identify ova in feces

68
Q

What could cause difficulties for identifying hookworms in feces?

A

If the specimen is not preserved properly or if there is a delay in ID’ing, the ova can hatch in to the rhabditiform larva and resemble a different type of helminth infection (Strongyloides stercoralis)

69
Q

Repeat infections by hookworms may cause what condition?

A

Ground itch

70
Q

Hookworms in which humans are not the natural host may cause what type of condition in humans?

A

Cutaneous larval migrans
OR
Visceral larval migrans

71
Q

What type of blood test finding is commonly associated with migrating nematodes?

A

Eosinophilia

72
Q

Common name for Strongyloides stercoralis?

A

Threadworm

73
Q

Scientific name for threadworm

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

74
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis is known as a __________ parasite meaning it does not require a human host

A

Facultative

75
Q

Definition:
Organism is capable of asexual reproduction

A

Parthenogenic

76
Q

Which helminth is parthenogenic?

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

77
Q

Threadworms ova are identical to which other helminth?

A

Hookworm

78
Q

Infective stage for Strongyloides stercoralis

A

Filariform larva

79
Q

Threadworm method of infection

A

Filariform larva penetrates the skin

80
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis has what type of migration?

A

Heart-Lung migration

81
Q

Threadworm diagnostic stage

A

Rhabditiform larva

82
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis method of diagnosis

A

Rhabditiform larva found and identified in stool

83
Q

Can threadworm autoreinfect?

A

Yes

84
Q

Hookworm vs Threadworm:
Rhabditiform have long buccal cavity

A

Hookworm

85
Q

Hookworm vs Threadworm:
Rhabditiform have short buccal cavity and a prominent genital primoridum

A

Threadworm

86
Q

Hookworm vs Threadworm:
Filariform have pointed tail and short esophagus

A

Hookworm

87
Q

Hookworm vs Threadworm:
Filariform have notched tail and long esophagus

A

Threadworm

88
Q

Definition: Creeping rash infection - auto-infection that appears as an eruption beginning in the perianal region that rapidly spreads and causes intense itching

A

Larva currens

89
Q

This helminth can cause disseminated hyperinfection which can be fatal

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

90
Q

Accidental human parasite

A

Trichinella spiralis

91
Q

Zoonotic disease for Trichinella spiralis

A

Trichinellosis

92
Q

Where does Trichinella spiralis typically reside?

A

Wild game (pig, bear, mountain lions)

93
Q

How is Trichinella spiralis passed to humans?

A

Ingestion of undercooked encysted meat

94
Q

Infective stage for Trichinella spiralis

A

Encysted larva

95
Q

Method of infection for Trichinella spiralis

A

Ingestion of undercooked meat containing encysted larva

96
Q

Diagnostic stage for Trichinella spiralis

A

Encysted larva within “nurse cells”

97
Q

Method of diagnosis for Trichinella spiralis

A

Identify encysted larva in biopsied muscle tissue or ELISA (serologic testing looking for antibodies)

98
Q

Largest parasitic adult nematode to infect humans (tissue nematode)

A

Dracunculus medinensis

99
Q

Common name for Dracunculus medinensis

A

Guinea worm

100
Q

Scientific name for Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

101
Q

This tissue nematode is considered a “Neglected Tropical Disease”

A

Dracunculus medinensis

102
Q

Infective stage for Guinea worm

A

Copepod infected with Guinea worm larva

103
Q

Method of infection for Dracunculus medinensis

A

Drinking water containing infected copepod

104
Q

Diagnostic stage for Guinea worm

A

Female worm

105
Q

Method of diagnosis for Dracunculus medinensis

A

Visually observe skin blisters with adult worm

106
Q

The copepod infected with Guinea worm is known as what type of host?

A

Intermediate host

107
Q

Where do the Dracunculus medinensis larvae mature into adults inside humans?

A

Abdominal cavity

108
Q

Name the helminth:
Gravid females migrate through the tissues to the skin surface creating a blister. When the blister comes into contact with water, the female worm emerges partially and releases larvae into the water.

A

Dracunculus medinensis

109
Q

How are Guinea worm females treated?

A

Slowly wrapping the worm around a revolving stick or by surgical removal

110
Q

These nematodes produce “living” embryos

A

Filarial nematodes

111
Q

What are “Living” embryos also known as?

A

Microfilariae

112
Q

Where do filarial nematodes reside in humans?

A

Subcutaneous or lymphoid tissues

113
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Filarial nematodes have an ova stage

A

FALSE

114
Q

Which type of nematode requires a biological vector (arthropod) as an intermediate host?

A

Filarial nematode

115
Q

Filarial nematode infective stage

A

Larva

116
Q

Filarial nematode method of infection

A

Larva enters skin at arthropod vector’s feeding site

117
Q

Filarial nematode diagnostic stage

A

Microfilariae

118
Q

Filarial nematode method of diagnosis

A

Identify microfilariae on blood smear or tissue biopsy

119
Q

Causes elephantiasis

A

Wuchereria bancrofti/Brugia malayi

120
Q

Vector for Wuchereria bancrofti/Brugia malayi

A

Mosquito

121
Q

Where are adults of Wuchereria bancrofti/Brugia malayi found?

A

Lymphatic system

122
Q

Where are the microfilariae of Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi found? Do they exhibit periodicity?

A

Blood
Yes, nocturnal

123
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti vs Brugia malayi:
Sheathed; nuclei don’t extend to tip of tail

A

Wuchereria bancrofti

124
Q

Wuchereria bancrofti vs Brugia malayi:
Sheathed; widely spaced subterminal and terminal nuclei

A

Brugia malayi

125
Q

Common name for Loa Loa

A

Eyeworm

126
Q

Scientific name for Eyeworm

A

Loa Loa

127
Q

Vector for Loa Loa

A

Chrysops fly

128
Q

Where are adult Loa Loa found?

A

Subcutaneous and conjunctival tissues

129
Q

Where are Loa Loa microfilariae found? Do they exhibit periodicity?

A

Blood
Yes, diurnal

130
Q

Nematode that causes calabar swellings (transient subcutaneous swellings caused by microfilariae migration and death in capillaries

A

Loa Loa

131
Q

Nematode that is the leading cause of river blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

132
Q

Onchocerca volvulus vector

A

Simulium black fly (aka Black fly)

133
Q

Where are Onchocerca volvulus adults found?

A

Subcutaneous tissues

134
Q

Onchocerca volvulus form nodules that are known as __________

A

Onchocercomas

135
Q

Where would you find Onchocerca volvulus microfilariae?

A

In the skin and eye

136
Q

Loa Loa vs Onchocerca volvulus:
Sheathed; nuclei extend all the way to the tip of the tail

A

Loa Loa

137
Q

Loa Loa vs Onchocerca volvulus:
No sheath; no tail nuclei; tail is often sharply bent

A

Onchocerca volvulus

138
Q

Vector for Mansonella species

A

Biting midges

139
Q

The adults of this Mansonella species are found in peritoneal and pleural cavities

A

Mansonella perstans

140
Q

The adults of this Mansonella species are found in subcutaneous tissue

A

Mansonella ozzardi

141
Q

The adults of this Mansonella species are found in skin/subcutaneous tissue

A

Mansonella streptocerca

142
Q

Where are the microfilariae of Mansonella species found?

A

Blood

143
Q

Which Mansonella species may also be spread by Black flies?

A

Mansonella ozzardi

144
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
All Mansonella species microfilariae have sheaths

A

FALSE
They all have NO sheaths

145
Q

Which Manosonella microfilariae have a characteristic “Shepards crook”

A

Mansonella streptocerca

146
Q

These nematodes are diagnosed by skin snips

A

Onchocerca volvulus and Mansonella streptocerca

147
Q

Nematodes diagnosed by finding microfilariae in peripheral blood (5)

A

-Wuchereria bancrofti
-Brugia malayi
-Loa Loa
-Mansonella ozzardi
-Mansonella perstans

148
Q

Nematodes diagnosed by identifying their ova in stool (3)

A

-Trichuris trichiura
-Ascaris lumbricoides
-Ancylostoma duodenale/Necator americanus

149
Q

Nematode diagnosed by indentifying their larva in stool

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

150
Q

Nematode diagnosed by finding larva within tissues

A

Trichinella spiralis

151
Q

Nematode diagnosed by finding adult worm in tissues

A

Dracunculus medinensis

152
Q

Nematode diagnosed by identifying ova from the perianal region

A

Enterobius vermicularis

153
Q

Name the nematode:
-Jelly bean ova
-Scotch tape prep

A

Enterobius vermicularis

154
Q

Name the nematode:
-Rhabditiform larva: long buccal cavity
-Iron deficiency anemia

A

Ancylostoma duodenale/ Necator americanus

155
Q

Name the nematode:
-Nurse cells

A

Trichinella spiralis

156
Q

Name the nematode:
-River blindness
-Black fly vector

A

Onchocerca volvulus

157
Q

Name the nematode:
-Prolapsed rectum
-Football ova with hyaline plugs

A

Trichuris trichiura

158
Q

Name the nematode:
-Larva currens
-Filariform larva: notched tail

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

159
Q

Name the nematode:
-Elephantiasis
-Mosquito vector

A

Wuchereria bancrofti/ Brugia malayi

160
Q

Name the nematode:
- Liver-Lung migration
-Ova may be mammillated

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

161
Q

Name the nematode:
-Adult worms in serous membranes of pleural and peritoneal cavities
-Biting midge vector

A

Mansonella perstans

162
Q

Name the nematode:
-Causes formation of skin blisters

A

Dracunculus medinensis

163
Q

Name the nematode:
-Chrysops fly vector

A

Loa Loa

164
Q

TRUE or FALSE:
Stool specimens are the ideal specimen for diagnosing pinworm

A

FALSE- scotch tape prep or pinworm paddle

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