Part 1 - Microbiology And Microorganisms

Question 1

Microbiology is defined by what techniques

Answer 1

Culture media for isolation and growth of an organism in pure culture
Biochemical to study cell components
Molecular and genetic techniques

Question 2

Oldest form of life

Answer 2

Microbes

Question 3

Largest mass of living material on earth

Answer 3

Microbes

Question 4

Why is microbiology important?

Answer 4

Carry out major processes for biochemical cycles
Can live in places unsuitable for other organisms
Other life forms require microbes to survive

Question 5

All cells have

Answer 5

Cytoplasmic membrane
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes

Question 6

Cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 6

Barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside

Question 7

Cytoplasmic

Answer 7

Aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and proteins

Question 8

Ribosomes

Answer 8

Site of protein synthesis

Question 9

Genetic material

Answer 9

Stored as DNA

Information is divided into functional units called genes

Question 10

Genome

Answer 10

A cell’s full complement of genes

Question 11

Plasmid

Answer 11

Piece of DNA that carries non-essential genes

Question 12

Eukaryotes have

Answer 12

Membrane bound nucleus
Membrane bound organelles
Complex internal organization
Division by mitosis and meiosis

Question 13

Protists

Answer 13

Unicellular or multicellular without differentiation into tissues

Question 14

Types of protists

Answer 14

Protozoa
Algae
Slime molds

Question 15

Protozoa

Answer 15

Animal-like microorganisms

Question 16

Algae

Answer 16

Photosynthetic plant-like microorganisms

Question 17

Slime molds and water molds

Answer 17

Filamentous

Question 18

Fungi

Answer 18

Unicellular - yeasts
Filamentous- molds
Multicellular- mushrooms

Question 19

Prokaryotes

Answer 19

No membrane bound nucleus or organelles
Generally smaller 1 micrometer
Simple internal structure
Divide by binary fission
Most are unicellular

Question 20

Bacteria

Answer 20

Genetically diverse
Extremely diverse metabolic styles
Both pathogens and non-pathogens

Question 21

Archaea

Answer 21

Genetically and biochemically distinct from bacteria
Diverse metabolism
Never pathogenic
Live in extreme environments

Question 22

Viruses

Answer 22

Acellular infectious particles
Extremely small
Obligate intercellular parasites
Lack independent metabolism- no ribosomes, no ribosomal DNA, not classified with other microbes

Question 23

First anaerobic life

Answer 23

Between 3.8 and 3.9 billion years ago

Question 24

Photosynthetic bacteria oxygenated the earth

Answer 24

2 billion years ago

Question 25

What allowed the evolution of modern eukaryotic microorganisms?

Answer 25

Oxygenation of the earth

Question 26

First plants and animals appeared

Answer 26

0.5 billion years ago

Question 27

Prokaryotes ribosomes

Answer 27

70s and 16S ssu rRNA

Question 28

Eukaryotes ribosomes

Answer 28

80s and 18s ssu rRNA

Question 29

rRNA

Answer 29

Change slowly over time | Examine genetic differences rather than morphological differences

Question 30

Basic steps involved in sequencing rRNA genes

Answer 30

Step 1 - DNA is collected from a pure culture Step 2 - the SSU rRNA is amplified using polymerase chain reaction Step 3 - gene is sequenced Step 4 - sequence is aligned with sequences from other organisms - number of differences is used to calculate evolutionary distance

Question 31

PCR

Answer 31

A technique used to synthesize many identical copies of a short sequence of DNA

Question 32

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 32

A graphic representation of the evolutionary distance between organisms

Question 33

Phylogenetic tree based on

Answer 33

16S or 18S ribosomal DNA sequences

Question 34

Most genetically diverse

Answer 34

Microorganisms

Question 35

Phylogenetic species concept

Answer 35

A group of strains that share certain diagnostic traits, are genetically cohesive and have a unique recent common ancestor

Question 36

Species of bacteria and archaea should have

Answer 36

Most characteristics in common Greater than 97% sequence similarity in the 16S rRNA gene High degree of genome similarity - DNA-DNA hybridization

Question 37

Hierarchical classification

Answer 37

Groups of organisms are placed in successively larger groups | Species, genus, phylum

Question 38

Robert Hooke

Answer 38

First to describe microbes

Question 39

What is microbiology?

Answer 39

Study of organisms too small to be seen with the naked eye

Question 40

What kind of microscope did Robert Hooke use?

Answer 40

Compound microscope with 2 lenses with up to 30x magnification

Question 41

What did Robert Hooke observe?

Answer 41

Cells in cork | Bread mold filaments

Question 42

What was the first microbe observed?

Answer 42

Bread mold filaments

Question 43

Cell Theory

Answer 43

All living things are composed of cells

Question 44

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 44

Built microscopes that magnified by 50-300x | Observed single called microorganisms, "animalcules" - first discovery of bacteria

Question 45

Louis Pasteur

Answer 45

Studied wine and beer production

Question 46

Fermentation

Answer 46

Yeast will convert sugar to alcohol without oxygen

Question 47

Souring wine is caused by

Answer 47

Bacteria converting alcohol to acid

Question 48

Pasteurization

Answer 48

Gentle heating to kill unwanted bacteria

Question 49

Pasteur and Spontaneous Generation

Answer 49

- Prepared meat infusions inside of long swan-necked flasks - Boiled the infusion to sterilize it - As long as the flask remains upright, dust, and microbes cannot enter, and the infusion remains sterile

Question 50

Aseptic technique

Answer 50

Methods for controlling the growth of microorganisms

Question 51

What did Robert Koch study?

Answer 51

Anthrax - responsible for epidemics in livestock

Question 52

Koch's postulates

Answer 52

Established set of criteria for relating a specific microbe to a disease

Question 53

Broth medium solidified with agar

Answer 53

Polysaccharide derived from marine algae

Question 54

What temperature does agar melt at?

Answer 54

97c

Question 55

What temperature does agar solidify at?

Answer 55

43c

Question 56

Typical Petri plate

Answer 56

Nutrient broth medium + 1.5% agar

Question 57

Colony

Answer 57

Mass of cells that (ideally( rose from one single cell

Question 58

Significant and insignificant numbers

Answer 58

300 - inaccurate count