Part 4: Diversity of Bacteria Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Cyanobacteria size
A
Larger than bacteria
2
Q
Cyanobacteria forms
A
Unicellular, filamentous, or branching filamentous
3
Q
What do some cyanobacteria form?
A
Heterocysts
4
Q
Heterocysts are
A
Specialized nitrogen fixing cells
5
Q
All cyanobacteria carry out
A
Oxygenic photosynthesis
6
Q
Oxygenic photosynthesis
A
Harvest energy from light and produce oxygen
7
Q
All cyanobacteria are
A
Autotrophs
8
Q
Autotrophs
A
Fix CO2 to build cell material
9
Q
Where do cyanobacteria carry out photosynthesis?
A
Thylakoids
10
Q
What do cyanobacteria have that chloroplast don’t have?
A
Cell walls
11
Q
What do cells of cyanobacteria contain?
A
Peptidoglycan
Gram negative cell wall type
12
Q
Where do cyanobacteria reside in?
A
Terrestrial, freshwater, and marine habitats
13
Q
What organism has the lowest nutritional requirement?
A
Cyanobacteria (primary producers)
14
Q
Example of cyanobacteria
A
Prochlorococcus
15
Q
What is one of the most abundant organisms on Earth?
A
Prochlorococcus
16
Q
How much of prochlorococcus’s photosynthesis accounts for the world’s ocean?
A
Half
17
Q
What group does most of the commonly encountered bacteria fall into?
A
Proteobacteria
18
Q
Proteobacteria use what kind of metabolism?
A
Chemolithotrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
Phototrophs
Facultative organisms that can switch from one metabolic lifestyle to another
19
Q
What are the well-studied groups of Proteobacteria?
A
Alpha, Beta, Gamma
20
Q
What group of proteobacteria is the strange group?
A
Delta and Epsilon
21
Q
What group of Proteobacteria only have one known species?
A
Zetaproteobacteria
22
Q
Alphaproteobacteria include
A
Pathogens and non-pathogens
23
Q
Alphaproteobacteria example of a non-pathogen
A
Rhizobium leguminosarum
24
Q
What do Rhizobium leguminosarum form on legume plants?
A
Root nodules
25
What do Rhizobium leguminosarum do for legume plants?
Fix nitrogen into a bioavailable form
26
Alphaproteobacteria example of a pathogen
Rickettsia rickettsii
27
Rickettsia rickettsii is what kind of pathogen?
Obligate intracellular
28
How does Rickettsia ricketsii travel?
By insects through their bites
29
What do Rickettsia ricketsii cause?
Rocky mountain spotted fever
30
What is the closest relative to eukaryotic mitochondria?
Rickettsia
31
Betaproteobacteria example of non-pathogen
Neisseria mucosa
32
Where do Neisseria mucosa reside?
On mucous membranes
33
Betaproteobacteria example of pathogen
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
34
What group of bacterium grows well in lab?
Gammaproteobacteria
35
Example of Gammaproteobacteria
Escherichia coli
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa
36
What kind of respiration does E. coli use?
Facultative aerobe
37
What kind of flagella does E. coli have?
Petrichous
38
What does E. coli ferment?
Lactose to a mixture of acids and alcohols
39
Where do E. coli reside?
Large intestine of warm-blooded animals
40
What kind of flagella does Pseudomonas aeruginosa have?
Polar flagella
41
Does P. aeruginosa ferment sugars?
No
42
What kind of pathogen is P. aeruginosa?
Opportunistic pathogen - causes infections in immunocompromised patients
43
What kind of infection does P. aeruginosa cause in cystic fibrosis patients?
Respiratory tract infections
44
Example of Deltaproteobacteria
Myxococcus xanthus
45
What kind of motility does M. xanthus have?
Gliding
46
How is M. xanthus a predator?
Releases exoenzymes to lyse other bacteria for nutrients
47
What happens when M. xanthus is starved?
Cells migrate together to form complex multicellular fruiting bodies?
48
Myxospores
M. xanthus individual cells that differentiate for dispersal
49
Firmicutes have what kind of cell walls
Gram positive
50
Firmicutes lack what nitrogenous bases?
Guanine and cytosine
51
Firmicutes include
Both lactic acid bacteria and non-lactic acid bacteria
52
Lactic acid bacteria fermentation produces
Lactic acid as an end product
53
Examples of lactic acid Firmicutes
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
| Streptococcus pyogenes
54
Lactobacillus delbrueckii is used in
Yogurt production
55
Streptococcus pyogenes causes
Strep throat, scarlet fever, and the flesh-eating disease
56
Examples of non-lactic acid firmicutes
Staphylococcus aureus
57
What kind of respiration does S. aureus use?
Facultative aerobe
58
What kind of clusters does S. aureus form?
Grape-like
59
Where does S. aureus live?
On skin
60
What is special about S. aureus?
They are halotolerant - can be isolated using media with high NaCl like mannitol salt agar
61
What is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections?
S. aureus
62
Endospore forming Firmicutes include
Bacillus and Clostridium
63
Bacillus are what kind of endospore formers?
Aerobic
64
Clostridum are what kind of endospore formers?
Anaerobic
65
Where are endospore formers usually found?
In soil
66
What are most endospore formers?
Non-phagocytic saprophytic soil organisms
67
Bacillus subtilis are used as a model for
Gram positive cell structure and genetics
| Cell division and differentiation (into endospores)
68
Where does C. botulinum live?
Tiny anoxic pockets in soil
69
What does C. botulinum secrete?
A variety of exoenzymes to degrade plant material
70
What does C. botulinum produce?
Deadly neurotoxin which causes botulism
71
Proper canning procedures must either
Reach temp above 120C to destroy endospores
| Include enough acid or sugar to prevent germination
72
Tenericutes are known as
The Mycoplasmas
73
Mycoplasmas are related to
Gram positives
74
Mycoplasmas stain
Gram negative because they don't have a cell wall
75
What shape are Mycoplasmas?
Pleomorphic - variety
76
Mycoplasma genitalium is the common cause of
Urethritis and pelvic inflammatory disease
77
M. genitalium was the first
Free-living bacterium to have its genome sequenced
78
Size of M. genitalium
Very small - 500 kbp
79
Actinobacteria are gram
Positive
80
Actinobacterium have high amount of what nitrogenous baases?
Guanine and Cytosine
81
Actinobacterium include
Coryneform bacteria
| Mycobacteria
82
Corynebacterium produce
An exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis that cause tissue death in the respiratory tract - diptheria
83
Mycobacteria cell wall
Modified gram positive cell wall - layer of mycolic acids outside the peptidoglycan layer - makes them acid fast
84
Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth
~24 hr/gen
85
M. tuberculosis take how long to grow on agar medium?
Weeks
86
Filamentous Actinobacteria
Streptomyces
87
Streptomyces form
Branching hyphae and mycelia
88
Hyphae produce
Reproductive spores for dispersal - conidia
89
Streptomyces use what kind of respiration
Obligate aerobes
90
Streptomyces live in
Well aerated soils
91
What gives soil its earthy smell?
Geosmins produced by Streptomyces
92
What do Streptomyces produce?
Substances that kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes - antibiotics
93
Streptomyces griseus produces
Streptomycin - a broad spectrum protein synthesis inhibitor active against Gram negative bacteria
94
Bacteroidetes
Large, heterogenus phylum of Gram negative bacteria
95
Bacterioidetes have what in common?
Not much at all
96
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron uses what kind of respiration?
Strict anaerobe
97
B. thetaiotaomicron lives where?
Large intestine of humans
98
B. thetaiotaomicron produces
Enzymes to degrade polysaccharides - greatly increasing the variety of plant polymers that can be digested by the human gut
99
Chlamydiae have what kind of cell wall type?
Gram negative that lacks peptidoglycan
100
What kind of parasite is Chlamydiae?
Obligate intracellular
101
Life-cycle forms of Chlamydiae
Elementary and reticulate body
102
Elementary body
Small dense cell, resists drying
| Allows infection of new host cells
103
Reticulate body
Larger vegetative cells
| Multiply inside an existing host but are not infective
104
Chlamydia trachomatis causes what
Trachoma - infection of eye that can cause scarring and blindness
105
Planctomycetes are what kind of bacteria?
Budding and appendaged
106
What does Planctomycetes use their stalk for?
Attachment
107
Cell wall of Planctomyces lack
Peptidoglycan
108
What is unique about Planctomycetes cell?
Some have membrane-bound compartments
109
Gemmata obscuriglobus nucleoid
Surrounded by a true-unit membrane
110
What suggest that the last LUCA may have been a hyperthermophiles?
Several deeply branching phyla
111
Deinococcus-thermus species
Thermus aquaticus
| Deinococcus radiodurans
112
Thermus aquaticus metabolism
Chemoorganoheterotroph
113
Thermus aquaticus source of temperature stable enzymes
Taq DNA polymerase
114
Taq DNA polymerase allows
DNA synthesis reactions in the lab to be carried out quickly at high temperatures
115
Taq DNA polymerase is an essential tool for
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
116
Deinococcus radiodurans is extremely resistant to?
Radiation
117
Deinococcus radiodurans have highly effective
DNA repair mechanisms
118
Deinococcus radians form
Pairs or tetrads in response to massive DNA damage
| Can fuse nucleoids from two cells to facilitate repair
119
Deinococcus radians cell wall type
Gram negative but stain gram positive because of thick peptidoglycan
